arrFiles=new Array();arrFiles[0]=new Array("http://www.gendercare.com/library/tipslibrary9.html","Library Selection 9 - Gunther Dörner... Bruce MacEwen... BM Cooke... & the brain sexual differentiation","Library Selection 9 - Dörner....and the brain sexual differentiation Library Selection 1 - Kruijver et al,2000 and others Abstracts and Free Full Papers Library Selection 2 - Aphallia & Sissyboys Library Selection 3 - Transsexual Hormone Therapy (HRT) Library Selection 4 - Hormones and the primate Brain... humans and non humans... USA studies. Library Selection 5 - FtM Transsexual, Aphallia & Micropenis Library Selection 6 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Transgenders and Crossdressers Library Selection 7 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Torres & Jurberg Hypothesis Library Selection 8 - SF-1 and DAX-1 papers Library Selection 9 - Dörner....and the brain sexual differentiation	See here some scientific abstracts from Medline.	Access Medline Abstracts and Papers yourself directly.	See below some wonderful paper abstracts and sometimes FREE FULL PAPERS!.	Gunther Dörner, in my opinion, with Raisman & Field, are the	precursors and real discoverers of the brain sexual differentiation. But Dörner	had problems... a post war German researcher, about genetics and neuroendocrinology,	in a communist country....East Germany. And he was saying, the hypothalamus and	other base brain structures were different in men and women.... and in homosexual	men, they were also different from heterosexual men....also women... and also	transsexuals, but his homosexual/transsexual differentiation was too subjective....	a lot of people was against him... and I think they were right, because	homosexuality is a way to love, and not a way to be...transsexuality, is	a disorder....not homosexuality. But what is very important is to understand	Dörner discovered important sexual differentiations among men and women....	in basal systems. And he discovered also, those differences were pre-natal,	and those differences remain until death.	1: Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2001 Dec;22(6):403-9. Related Articles,Links Genetic and epigenetic effects on sexual brain organization mediated by sex hormones.Dorner G, Gotz F, Rohde W, Plagemann A, Lindner R, Peters H, Ghanaati Z.Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Humboldt University Medical School (Charite), Schumannstr. 20/21, 10098 Berlin, Germany. expendo@charite.deAlterations of sex hormone levels during pre- or perinatal sexual brain organization - responsible for long-term changes of gonadotropin secretion, sexual orientation, and gender role behavior - can be caused by: 1. Genetic effects, i.e. mutations or polymorphisms of a) 21-hydroxylase genes on chromosome 6, b) 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase genes in chromosome 1 or c) X-chromosomal genes, and 2. Epigenetic effects, such as a) stressful situations - especially in combination with mutations - and b) endocrine disrupters, e.g. the pesticide DDT and its metabolites, which display estrogenic, antiandrogenic, and inhibitory effects on the enzyme 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase leading to increased levels of dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate as precursors of endogenous androgens and estrogens. In connection with the introduction and extensive use of the pesticide DDT, the following findings were obtained in subjects born before as compared to those born during this period: 1. The prevalence of patients with polycystic ovaries (PCO), idiopatic oligospermia (IO), and transsexualism (TS) increased significantly (about 3-4 fold). 2. Partial 21-hydroxylase deficiencies were observed in most patients with PCO and TS and some patients with IO born before this period. 3. In contrast, most patients with PCO and TS and several patients with IO born during the period of massive use of DDT displayed clearly increased plasma levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and DHEA-S/cortisol ratios suggesting partial 3beta-hydroxsteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) deficiencies. Interestingly enough, geneticists could not find any mutations of 3beta-HSD genes in such subjects. However, o,p \'-DDT and/or its metabolite o,p \'-DDD are strong inhibitors of 3beta-HSD, indicating their possible co-responsibility for such life-long ontogenetic alterations. Finally, some data suggest that endocrine disrupters may also be able to affect the development of sexual orientation.Publication Types:Review1: J Nutr. 2000 Oct;130(10):2582-9. Related Articles,Links Hypothalamic nuclei are malformed in weanling offspring of low protein malnourished rat dams.Plagemann A, Harder T, Rake A, Melchior K, Rohde W, Dorner G.Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Humboldt University Medical School (Charite), 10098 Berlin, Germany.Maternal low protein malnutrition during gestation and lactation (LP) is an animal model frequently used for the investigation of long-term deleterious consequences of perinatal growth retardation. Both perinatal malnutrition and growth retardation at birth are risk factors for diabetic and cardiovascular disturbances in later life. The pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible are unknown. Hypothalamic nuclei are decisively involved in the central nervous regulation of food intake, body weight and metabolism. We investigated effects of a low protein diet (8% protein; control diet, 17% protein) during gestation and lactation in rat dams on the organization of hypothalamic regulators of body weight and metabolism in the offspring at weaning (d 20 of life). LP offspring had significantly lower body weight than control offspring (CO; P: < 0.001), associated with hypoglycemia and hypoinsulinemia (P: < 0. 005) on d 20 of life. This was accompanied by a greater relative volume of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (P: < 0.01) and a greater numerical density of Nissl-stained neurons in this nucleus (P: < 0.01) as well as in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN; P: < 0.001). In contrast, no significant differences in neuronal densities were observed generally in the lateral hypothalamic area, arcuate hypothalamic nucleus (ARC), and dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus between LP offspring and CO offspring. On the other hand, LP offspring displayed fewer neurons immunopositive for neuropeptide Y in the ARC (P: < 0.05), whereas in the PVN, lower neuronal densities of neurons immunopositive for galanin were found in LP offspring compared with CO offspring (P: < 0.001). On the contrary, in the PVN, no significant group difference in the numerical density of cholecystokinin-8S-positive neurons was present. A long-term effect of these specific hypothalamic alterations on body weight and metabolism in LP offspring during later life is suggested.PMID: 11015493 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Endocr Regul. 1998 Jun;32(2):77-85. Related Articles,Links Long-term Effects of Early Postnatally Administered Interleukin-1-beta on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis in Rats.Plagemann A, Staudt A, Gotz F, Malz U, Rohde W, Rake A, Dorner G.Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Humboldt University Medical School (Charite, Berlin, Germany.OBJECTIVE: Since perinatal stress events are well known to exert long-term influences on the function of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in rats, to investigate the consequences of exposure to IL-1, a potent stimulator of this axis, during early postnatal life. METHODS: Wistar rats were treated twice a day with 0.02 ug human recombinant IL-1 from day 1-4 of age, while controls received the vehicle only. RESULTS: IL-1 -treatment had no significant influence on the mortality and body weight. However, at the end of treatment period on the 4th day of life, the thymus weight was decreased in the IL-1 -treated group (P<0.01), while the adrenals were clearly enlarged (P<0.0002). These responses were associated with a nearly 4-fold elevation of the plasma corticosterone (CS) level as compared to vehicle-treated controls (P<0.001). At the age of seven months the stimulated CS levels induced by an acute stress (novel environment) were lower in rats treated neonatally with IL-1 than in controls (P<0.01). This functional disturbance was associated with morphological alterations in the parvicellular part of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) which is the main hypothalamic regulation centre of the HPA axis. A strong reduction of the numerical density of neurons was found in the neonatally IL-1 -treated rats (P<0.005) while the neuronal nuclei were clearly enlarged (P<0.0005). CONCLUSION: As a part of an infection-induced stress response during critical periods of development, IL-1 might be capable of inducing a permanent structural malorganization of the PVN and, consequently, functional malprogramming of the HPA axis in rats.PMID: 10330521 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]1: Exp Clin Endocrinol. 1991;98(2):141-50. Related Articles,Links Gene- and environment-dependent neuroendocrine etiogenesis of homosexuality and transsexualism.Dorner G, Poppe I, Stahl F, Kolzsch J, Uebelhack R.Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Humboldt University Medical School (Charite), Berlin, Germany.Sexual brain organization is dependent on sex hormone and neurotransmitter levels occurring during critical developmental periods. The higher the androgen levels during brain organization, caused by genetic and/or environmental factors, the higher is the biological predisposition to bi- and homosexuality or even transsexualism in females and the lower it is in males. Adrenal androgen excess, leading to heterotypical sexual orientation and/or gender role behavior in genetic females, can be caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency, especially when associated with prenatal stress. The cortisol (F) precursor 21-deoxycortisol (21-DOF) was found to be significantly increased after ACTH stimulation in homosexual as compared to heterosexual females. 21-DOF was increased significantly before and even highly significantly after ACTH stimulation in female-to-male transsexuals. In view of these data, heterozygous and homozygous forms, respectively, of 21-hydroxylase deficiency represent a genetic predisposition to androgen-dependent development of homosexuality and transsexualism in females. Testicular androgen deficiency in prenatal life, giving rise to heterotypical sexual orientation and/or gender role behavior in genetic males, may be induced by prenatal stress and/or maternal or fetal genetic alterations. Most recently, in mothers of homosexual men--following ACTH stimulation--a significantly increased prevalence of high 21-DOF plasma values and 21-DOF/F ratios was found, which surpassed the mean + 1 SD level of heterosexual control women. In homosexual men as well--following ACTH stimulation--most of the 21-DOF plasma values and 21-DOF/F ratios also surpassed the mean + 1 SD level of heterosexual men. In only one out of 9 homosexual males, neither in his blood nor in that of his mother increased 21-DOF values and 21-DOF/F ratios were found after ACTH stimulation. In this homosexual man, however, the plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) values and the DHEA-S/1000 x A (A = androstenedione) ratio were increased before and after ACTH stimulation. Furthermore, highly significantly increased basal plasma levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were found in male-to-female transsexuals as compared to normal males, suggesting partial 3 beta-ol hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency to be a predisposing factor for the development of male-to-female transsexualism.Publication Types:ReviewReview, TutorialPMID: 1778227 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Exp Clin Endocrinol. 1991;98(2):131-9. Related Articles,Links The influence of fetal adrenals on the androgen levels during brain differentiation in human subjects and rats.Stahl F, Gotz F, Dorner G.Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Humboldt University Medical School (Charite), Berlin, Germany.Measurements of plasma total and free testosterone (T) levels in human subjects from fetal to postpubertal life showed about twofold higher total T and 15-fold higher free T levels in female fetuses than in female adults. The ratios between the sexes were only moderate in fetal life. Between the 17th and 31st week of pregnancy the ratios (male:female) of total T were found to be 6.6 in week 17, 1.5 in week 22, 2.3 in week 28 and 1.2 in week 31 of pregnancy compared to 16.2 in adulthood. The corresponding ratios of free T were calculated to be 5.6 in week 17, 1.4 in week 22, 0.9 in week 28 and 0.7 in week 31 of pregnancy compared to 34 in adulthood. In amniotic fluids, we measured even an overlapping of T values between the two sexes. The reason for the observed striking difference of T levels between the sexes in fetal and postpubertal life may be the high adrenal activity and secretion rate in fetal life during brain differentiation. In rats, the contribution of adrenals to plasma T levels is only moderate and much smaller than in human beings. As measured in adult female rats, the portion was found to be about 20% only, contrary to about 60% in women. The main sources of T in female rats appear to be the gonads. The mainly gonadal secretion may be the reason that exposure of pregnant rats to stress diminished the T levels in male fetuses, but did not significantly elevate the T levels in females.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)PMID: 1778226 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Exp Clin Endocrinol. 1991;98(2):123-9. Related Articles,Links Effect of an acute maternal stress on the fetal hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal system in late gestational life of the rat.Ohkawa T, Rohde W, Takeshita S, Dorner G, Arai K, Okinaga S.Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teikyo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo/Japan.We investigated in this study the response of the fetal hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system during an acute maternal stress in rats, in order to find out a possible role of developing fetal hypothalamus and to correlate its function to the androgen unbalance during the critical period of sex-specific brain differentiation. Pregnant rats of days 18-22 of gestation were subjected to an acute forced immobilization, and plasma levels of corticosterone (B) and ACTH were measured in mothers and fetuses. Hypothalamic contents of CRH and beta-endorphin (EP), pituitary content of ACTH, and plasma levels of B and ACTH were measured in mothers and fetuses under the maternal stress on day 20 of gestation. By an acute exposure to the 20 minutes \' stress, plasma levels of B and ACTH elevated significantly in mothers on each day of gestation. A significant increase of fetal plasma ACTH was detected from day 18 in males, and from day 20 in females. During the maternal stress on day 20 of gestation, hypothalamic contents of CRH and EP decreased significantly in male and female fetuses, when plasma levels of B and ACTH elevated significantly. These results indicate that fetal HPA axis seems to actually respond to the maternal stress during the late gestational period. Further, a release of CRH under the stress together with an activation of EP system in the fetal hypothalamus suggests a possible mechanism regulating the androgen secretion by the fetal hypothalamus via changes of the LH levels.PMID: 1663870 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Exp Clin Endocrinol. 1989 Sep;94(1-2):4-22. Related Articles,Links Hormone-dependent brain development and neuroendocrine prophylaxis.Dorner G.Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Humboldt University Medical School, Charite, Berlin/GDR.During the pre- and/or early postnatal life, systemic hormones and neurotransmitters are acting as organizers of the brain, which is the controller of the neuro-endocrine-immune system. Thus, the quantity of systemic hormones and neurotransmitters codetermines during critical periods of brain development the quality, i.e., the responsiveness, of their own central nervous controllers and hence the functional and tolerance ranges of their own feedback control systems throughout life. Abnormal levels of systemic hormones and neurotransmitters, which can be induced by abnormal conditions in the psychosocial and/or natural environment, can act as teratogens and lead to permanent physiological and/or psychological dysfunctions in later life. Thus, many deviations and malfunctions of reproduction, metabolism, information processing and immunity called up to now idiopathic, essential, cryptogenic, primary or genuine can be explained by abnormal pre- and/or early postnatal psycho- and/or physiological processes. Therefore, \"structural teratology \" (teratomorphology) was supplemented by \"functional teratology \" (teratopsychophysiology). Such deviations, dysfunctions or diseases based on abnormal brain development can widely be prevented either by optimizing the psychosocial and/or natural environment or by well-timed correcting abnormal concentrations of systemic hormones and/or neurotransmitters.Publication Types:ReviewReview, TutorialPMID: 2689193 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]	Here we show some Bruce McEwen papers....he likes to show	the plasticity of the brain....and how the brain may change with time....but there	are different parts of the brain....old and new structures...obviously the newest	are more changeable than the old ones....the cortex is very new and plastic...also	hyppocampus and memory systems....but the hypothalamus regulates basic systems, it	can not change... as showed Dörner. And Dörner and others discovered differences	not in the new parts of the brain, but in the oldest parts, that are less plastic,	and more related to basic identity definitions.	1: Recent Prog Horm Res. 2002;57:357-84. Related Articles,Links Estrogen actions throughout the brain.McEwen B.Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA. mcewen@rockefeller.eduBesides affecting the hypothalamus and other brain areas related to reproduction, ovarian steroids have widespread effects throughout the brain, on serotonin pathways, catecholaminergic neurons, and the basal forebrain cholinergic system as well as the hippocampal formation, a brain region involved in spatial and declarative memory. Thus, ovarian steroids have measurable effects on affective state as well as cognition, with implications for dementia. Two actions are discussed in this review; both appear to involve a combination of genomic and nongenomic actions of ovarian hormones. First, regulation of the serotonergic system appears to be linked to the presence of estrogen- and progestin-sensitive neurons in the midbrain raphe as well as possibly nongenomic actions in brain areas to which serotonin neurons project their axons. Second, ovarian hormones regulate synapse turnover in the CA1 region of the hippocampus during the 4- to 5-day estrous cycle of the female rat. Formation of new excitatory synapses is induced by estradiol and involves N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, whereas downregulation of these synapses involves intracellular progestin receptors. A new, rapid method of radioimmunocytochemistry has made possible the demonstration of synapse formation by labeling and quantifying the specific synaptic and dendritic molecules involved. Although NMDA receptor activation is required for synapse formation, inhibitory interneurons may play a pivotal role as they express nuclear estrogen receptor-alpha (ERa). It is also likely that estrogens may locally regulate events at the sites of synaptic contact in the excitatory pyramidal neurons where the synapses form. Indeed, recent ultrastructural data reveal extranuclear ERalpha immunoreactivity within select dendritic spines on hippocampal principal cells, axons, axon terminals, and glial processes. In particular, the presence of ER in dendrites is consistent with a model for synapse formation in which filopodia from dendrites grow out to find new synaptic contacts and estrogens regulate local, post-transcriptional events via second messenger systems.Publication Types:ReviewReview, TutorialPMID: 12017552 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jun 19;98(13):7093-100. Related Articles,Links Tracking the estrogen receptor in neurons: implications for estrogen-induced synapse formation.McEwen B, Akama K, Alves S, Brake WG, Bulloch K, Lee S, Li C, Yuen G, Milner TA.Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA. mcewen@rockvax.rockfeller.eduEstrogens (E) and progestins regulate synaptogenesis in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus during the estrous cycle of the female rat, and the functional consequences include changes in neurotransmission and memory. Synapse formation has been demonstrated by using the Golgi technique, dye filling of cells, electron microscopy, and radioimmunocytochemistry. N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation is required, and inhibitory interneurons play a pivotal role as they express nuclear estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and show E-induced decreases of GABAergic activity. Although global decreases in inhibitory tone may be important, a more local role for E in CA1 neurons seems likely. The rat hippocampus expresses both ERalpha and ERbeta mRNA. At the light microscopic level, autoradiography shows cell nuclear [3H]estrogen and [125I]estrogen uptake according to a distribution that primarily reflects the localization of ERalpha-immunoreactive interneurons in the hippocampus. However, recent ultrastructural studies have revealed extranuclear ERalpha immunoreactivity (IR) within select dendritic spines on hippocampal principal cells, axon terminals, and glial processes, localizations that would not be detectable by using standard light microscopic methods. Based on recent studies showing that both types of ER are expressed in a form that activates second messenger systems, these findings support a testable model in which local, non-genomic regulation by estrogen participates along with genomic actions of estrogens in the regulation of synapse formation.Publication Types:ReviewReview, AcademicPMID: 11416193 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Oct 15;48(8):721-31. Related Articles,Links Comment in:Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Oct 15;48(8):713-4.Effects of adverse experiences for brain structure and function.McEwen BS.Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA.Studies of the hippocampus as a target of stress and stress hormones have revealed a considerable degree of structural plasticity in the adult brain. Repeated stress causes shortening and debranching of dendrites in the CA3 region of the hippocampus and suppresses neurogenesis of dentate gyrus granule neurons. Both forms of structural remodeling of the hippocampus appear to be reversible and are mediated by glucocorticoid hormones working in concert with excitatory amino acids (EAA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, along with transmitters such as serotonin and the GABA-benzodiazepine system. Glucocorticoids, EAA, and NMDA receptors are also involved in neuronal damage and death that is caused in pyramidal neurons by seizures and by ischemia. A similar mechanism may be involved in hippocampal damage caused by severe and prolonged psychosocial stress. Studies using magnetic resonance imaging have shown that there is a selective atrophy of the human hippocampus in a number of psychiatric disorders, as well as during aging in some individuals, accompanied by deficits in declarative, spatial, and contextual memory performance. It is therefore important to appreciate how hippocampal dysfunction may play a role in the symptoms of the psychiatric illness and, from a therapeutic standpoint, to distinguish between a permanent loss of cells and a reversible remodeling to develop treatment strategies to prevent or reverse deficits. Remodeling of the hippocampus may be only the tip of the iceberg; other brain regions may also be affected.PMID: 11063969 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jun 22;96(13):7128-30. Related Articles,Links Permanence of brain sex differences and structural plasticity of the adult brain.McEwen BS.Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA. mcewen@rockvax.rockfeller.eduPMID: 10377379 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]	Here we present some papers of Cooke et al... trying to show some sexual differentions odf the brain change during life....but what we do not agree with them, is their intended generalization, that all brain is changeable with time...that surely is not correct....surely Dörner position is the correct one, showing basal parts of the brain are determined very early, and could not change later. The brain is plastic, but not all the brain...	1: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jun 22;96(13):7538-40. Related Articles,Links A brain sexual dimorphism controlled by adult circulating androgens.Cooke BM, Tabibnia G, Breedlove SM.Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA.Reports of structural differences between the brains of men and women, heterosexual and homosexual men, and male-to-female transsexuals and other men have been offered as evidence that the behavioral differences between these groups are likely caused by differences in the early development of the brain. However, a possible confounding variable is the concentration of circulating hormones seen in these groups in adulthood. Evaluation of this possibility hinges on the extent to which circulating hormones can alter the size of mammalian brain regions as revealed by Nissl stains. We now report a sexual dimorphism in the volume of a brain nucleus in rats that can be completely accounted for by adult sex differences in circulating androgen. The posterodorsal nucleus of the medial amygdala (MePD) has a greater volume in male rats than in females, but adult castration of males causes the volume to shrink to female values within four weeks, whereas androgen treatment of adult females for that period enlarges the MePD to levels equivalent to normal males. This report demonstrates that adult hormone manipulations can completely reverse a sexual dimorphism in brain regional volume in a mammalian species. The sex difference and androgen responsiveness of MePD volume is reflected in the soma size of neurons there.PMID: 10377450 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Nature. 2000 Mar 30;404(6777):455-6. Related Articles,Links Finger-length ratios and sexual orientation.Williams TJ, Pepitone ME, Christensen SE, Cooke BM, Huberman AD, Breedlove NJ, Breedlove TJ, Jordan CL, Breedlove SM.Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley 94720-1650, USA.PMID: 10761903 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]	Here we present some papers about brain sexual differentiation in monkeys, etc	1: Brain Res. 1998 May 18;793(1-2):346-50. Related Articles,Links The medial preoptic and anterior hypothalamic regions of the rhesus monkey: cytoarchitectonic comparison with the human and evidence for sexual dimorphism.Byne W.Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Morphometrics, Department of Psychiatry, Box 1230, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA. byne@mindspring.comExamination of thionin-stained sections through the hypothalamus of the rhesus monkey revealed nuclei that resemble the first, second and third interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus (INAH1-3) of the human. Volumetric analysis of these nuclei in a small sample of monkeys suggests that the nucleus that resembles INAH3 is larger in males than in females. INAH1-3 have each been reported to be larger in men than in women and each has been considered as a potential candidate for homology with the much-studied sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) of the rat. Positional and cytoarchitectonic criteria suggest that of these nuclei, INAH3 and its potential counterpart in the rhesus monkey are the best candidates for homology with the SDN-POA. While the criteria employed in the present study may be used to suggest homologies, they are not adequate to confirm them. Confirmation of the homologies suggested here must rely on other considerations such as connectivity, neurotransmitter and peptide content, and function. It is hoped that the present report will stimulate interest in further examinations of the rhesus hypothalamus that will test both the suggested homologies and the evidence for sexual dimorphism. Copyright 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.PMID: 9630719 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Neuroendocrinology. 1990 Jul;52(1):94-8. Related Articles,Links Aromatase, 5-alpha-reductase, and androgen receptor levels in the fetal monkey brain during early development.Sholl SA, Kim KL.Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison.Aromatase, 5 alpha-reductase and cytosolic androgen receptor levels were measured in the medial basal hypothalamus (MHB), amygdala (AMG), cerebellum and cerebral cortex of male and female fetal rhesus monkeys on day 70 of gestation. Higher aromatase activities were noted in the MBH and AMG of male than female fetuses. In contrast, no sex differences were found for 5 alpha-reductase and androgen receptor levels. These data suggest that at this early stage of development, differentiation of the MBH and AMG of the male fetus may be more susceptible to androgen modification, by way of aromatization to estrogens, than corresponding areas in the female fetus. Moreover, based upon a comparison of the current data to that published previously for later stages of development, it is suggested that the sex differences in aromatase activity are not the result of androgen stimulation.PMID: 2118611 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Hist Philos Life Sci. 1997;19(2):163-80. Related Articles,Links Adaptation and information in ontogenesis and phylogenesis. Increase of complexity and efficiency.Azzone GF.CNR Unit for Biomembranes, Dept. Experimental Biomedical Science, University of Padua, Italy.Adaptations during phylogenesis or ontogenesis can occur either by maintaining constant or by increasing the informational content of the organism. In the former case the increasing adaptations to external perturbation are achieved by increasing the rate of genome replication; the increased amount of DNA reflects an increase of total but not of law informational content. In the latter case the adaptations are achieved by either istructionist or evolutionary mechanism or a combination of both. Evolutionary adaptations occur during ontogenesis mainly in the brain-mind, immunological and receptor systems and involve a repertoire of receptors that are., clonally distributed, genome-conditioned and amplified by somatic mutation. Specificity and intensity of responses are achieved a posteriori as a result of natural selection of the clones. The major adaptations during phylogenesis are accompanied by increased complexity. They have been attributed to shifts, short in time and space, against the entropic drive and thus occur notwithstanding the entropic drive and the second law of thermodynamics. The alternative view, is that the generation of complexity is due to the second law of thermodynamics in its extended formulation which includes Prigogine \'s theorem of minimum entropy production. This view requires however that natural selection provides the biological system with structures that bring the reactions within Onsager \'s range. The hierarchical organization of the natural world thus reflects a stratified thermodynamic stability. As the evolutionary adaptations generate new information they may be assimilated to Maxwell demon type of processes.PMID: 9646724 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2002 Aug;23(4):287-8. Related Articles,Links Comment in:Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2002 Aug;23(4):289-90.Mating types in yeast, vomeronasal organ in rodents, homosexuality in humans: does a guiding thread exist?Oliva D.oliva12@libero.itPheromones and their receptors are the molecules used by very different organisms in order to join two haploid cells. It happens evidently in yeast, since the two blending haploid cells are also the two mating organisms, whereas in rodents pheromone receptors are the triggers of the vomeronasal system which, supervising sexual behaviors, is responsible for copulation and therefore for fertilization. The debate is still open about the real significance of pheromones in humans but a working vomeronasal organ, able to recognize pheromones of the same sex, could be the simplest biological explanation of homosexuality. This hypothesis is discussed and connected with some well known experimental data.Publication Types:LetterPMID: 12195227 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]","null","null","");arrFiles[1]=new Array("http://www.gendercare.com/library/tipslibrary10.html","Library Selection 10 - Imperato-McGinley... rhesus monkeys... T action...& gender identity differentiation","Library Selection 10 - Imperato_McGinley...and T action for the gender identity masculinization Library Selection 1 - Kruijver et al,2000 and others Abstracts and Free Full Papers Library Selection 2 - Aphallia & Sissyboys Library Selection 3 - Transsexual Hormone Therapy (HRT) Library Selection 4 - Hormones and the primate Brain... humans and non humans... USA studies. Library Selection 5 - FtM Transsexual, Aphallia & Micropenis Library Selection 6 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Transgenders and Crossdressers Library Selection 7 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Torres & Jurberg Hypothesis Library Selection 8 - SF-1 and DAX-1 papers Library Selection 9 - Dörner....and the brain sexual differentiation	Library Selection 10 - Imperato_McGinley...and T action for the gender identity masculinization	See here some scientific abstracts from Medline.	Access Medline Abstracts and Papers yourself directly.	See below some wonderful paper abstracts and sometimes FREE FULL PAPERS!.	Joan Imperato-McGinley is one of the most important researchers	about gender identity formation, in my opinion, or the most important....because she	discovered, studying 5-alfa-reductase deficiency syndrome, that hormones are	important in GI differentiation. Children reared as John Money suggests, as	females, do not learn to be females, because the hormones made their brains	masculine during gestation, and later they showed they were males. Imperato-McGinley	published it, but nobody believed her, because of Money \'s authority. Today we know,	Joan and not John was right. Testosterone, and testosterone aromatization in primate	brains, includding human, is fundamental for the GI differentiation to a male brain.	The male brain is molded by testosterone action, and not DHT action. And surely not	only by family and sex of rearing action.	1: Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Apr;12(1):83-113. Related Articles,Links Natural potent androgens: lessons from human genetic models.Zhu YS, Katz MD, Imperato-McGinley J.Department of Medicine, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.Male pseudohermaphroditism due to 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3 (17 beta-HSD-3) deficiency and 5 alpha-reductase-2 (5 alpha-RD-2) deficiency provides natural human genetic models to elucidate androgen actions. To date, five 17 beta-HSD isozymes have been cloned that catalyse the oxidoreduction of androstenedione and testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), oestrone and oestradiol. Mutations in the isozyme 17 beta-HSD-3 gene are responsible for male pseudohermaphroditism due to 17 beta-HSD deficiency. The type 3 isozyme preferentially catalyses the reduction of androstenedione to testosterone and is primarily expressed in the testes. Fourteen mutations in the 17 beta-HSD-3 gene have been identified from different ethnic groups. Affected males with the 17 beta-HSD-3 gene defect have normal wolffian structures but ambiguous external genitalia at birth. Many are raised as girls but virilize at the time of puberty and adopt a male gender role. Some develop gynaecomastia at puberty, which appears to be related to the testosterone/oestradiol ratio. Two 5 alpha-reductase (5 alpha-RD) isozymes, types 1 and 2, have been identified, which convert testosterone to the more potent androgen DHT. Mutations in the 5 alpha-RD-2 gene cause male pseudohermaphroditism, and 31 mutations in the 5 alpha-RD-2 gene have been reported from various ethnic groups. Such individuals also have normal wolffian structure but ambiguous external genitalia at birth and are raised as girls. Virilization occurs at puberty, often with a gender role change. The prostate remains infantile and facial hair is decreased. Balding has not been reported.Publication Types:ReviewReview, TutorialPMID: 9890063 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Jun;83(6):1940-5. Related Articles,Links Study of a kindred with classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia: diagnostic challenge due to phenotypic variance.Chin D, Speiser PW, Imperato-McGinley J, Dixit N, Uli N, David R, Oberfield SE.Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York 10016, USA.We sought to determine the concordance of the phenotype and genotype in a kindred with classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. The variation in phenotypic expression within this family underscores the difficulty of establishing the diagnosis in the absence of newborn screening, even with a heightened index of suspicion. Steroidogenic profiles were obtained for the three affected siblings. The available clinical history of the two affected aunts was retrieved. Genotyping was performed on several members of the kindred. Detailed sequencing of the entire CYP21 gene of two clinically dissimilar subjects in this family was undertaken to explore the possibility of other mutations or polymorphisms. PCR with ligase detection reaction analysis of CYP21 revealed that the affected family members III-2, III-3, III-4, II-3, and II-4, all were compound heterozygotes carrying the intron 2 point mutation known to interfere with splicing (nucleotide 656 A to G) and the exon 4 point mutation causing a nonconservative substitution of asparagine for isoleucine at codon 172 (I172N). Detailed sequencing of the gene was performed for the two most phenotypically dissimilar subjects. A single silent polymorphism was found in the third nucleotide for codon 248 in patient II-4, but not in patient III-4, and no additional mutations were found. Classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia remains a difficult diagnosis to make in the absence of newborn screening because of the variability of phenotypic expression. Likewise, the variable degree of genital ambiguity in affected females in this family serves to question universal advocacy of prenatal steroid treatment in pregnancies at risk for congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Extensive molecular exploration did not provide an explanation of the phenotypic heterogeneity and supports the possibility of influences other than the CYP21 gene for the observed divergence.PMID: 9626123 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Feb;83(2):560-9. Related Articles,Links The identification of 5 alpha-reductase-2 and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3 gene defects in male pseudohermaphrodites from a Turkish kindred.Can S, Zhu YS, Cai LQ, Ling Q, Katz MD, Akgun S, Shackleton CH, Imperato-McGinley J.Department of Medicine, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA.Male pseudohermaphroditism (MPH) is characterized by incomplete differentiation of male genitalia in the presence of testicular tissue. Enzymatic defects involving androgen synthesis or action are causes of MPH. We studied the molecular genetics of a large isolated inbred Turkish kindred with MPH due to either 5 alpha-reductase-2 (SRD5A2) or 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3 (17 beta HSD3) gene defects. Using single strand DNA conformational polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing, a new mutation in exon 5 of SRD5A2 gene was detected in certain male pseudohermaphrodites from this kindred. This single base deletion (adenine) resulted in a frame shift at amino acid position 251 resulting in the addition of 23 amino acids at the carboxyl-terminal of this 254-amino acid isozyme. Transfection expression of the mutant isozyme in CV1 cells showed a complete loss of enzymatic activity in the conversion of [14C]testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, without a change in the messenger ribonucleic acid level compared to that of the wild-type isozyme. Analysis of the 17 beta HSD3 gene in other male pseudohermaphrodites from this kindred revealed a single point mutation (G-->A) at the boundary between intron 8 and exon 9, disrupting the splice acceptor site of exon 9. In this kindred, in addition to the identification of male pseudohermaphrodites with either a homozygous SRD5A2 or 17 beta HSD3 gene defect, other male pseudohermaphrodites were found to be genetically more complex: e.g. homozygous for the SRD5A2 defect and heterozygous for the 17 beta HSD3 defect, or homozygous for the 17 beta HSD3 defect and heterozygous for the SRD5A2 defect. Also, phenotypically normal carriers were identified with either one or both gene defects. Homozygous male pseudohermaphrodites with SRD5A2 or 17 beta HSD3 gene defects were phenotypically distinguishable by the presence of mild gynecomastia in the latter. Hormone data were consistent with the particular homozygous gene defect. In summary, we show 1) the novel existence of two gene defects, SRD5A2 and 17 beta HSD3, each causing MPH within a large isolated Turkish kindred; 2) that the two defects segregate independently and may be inherited from two different progenitors; and 3) analysis of a new mutation in exon 5 of SRD5A2 gene, supporting the functional importance of the carboxyl-terminal of 5 alpha-reductase-2 isozyme.PMID: 9467575 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 May;81(5):1730-5. Related Articles,Links 5 alpha-reductase-2 gene mutations in the Dominican Republic.Cai LQ, Zhu YS, Katz MD, Herrera C, Baez J, DeFillo-Ricart M, Shackleton CH, Imperato-McGinley J.Department of Medicine, New York Hospital-Cornell University Medical College, New York 10021, USA.Male pseudohermaphroditism due to 5 alpha-reductase deficiency was clinically and biochemically described in a large Dominican kindred of 23 families with 38 affected subjects in 1974. Recently, the 5 alpha-reductase-2 gene defect in the large Dominican kindred was found to be due to a single base substitution of thymidine (TGG) for cytosine (CGG) on exon 5 of the 5 alpha-reductase-2 gene, causing a tryptophan replacement of arginine at amino acid 246 (R246W) of the enzyme. In the present report, affected subjects from four additional Dominican families were studied to determine whether they carried the same 5 alpha-reductase-2 gene defect as the large kindred, suggesting a common ancestry for the gene defect within this small country. Using single strand conformational polymorphism and DNA sequencing, two other mutations of the 5 alpha-reductase-2 gene were found in affected subjects from two of the four families. A point mutation on exon 2 of the 5 alpha-reductase-2 gene, in which substitution of adenine (GAC) for guanine (GGC) caused an aspartic acid replacement of glycine at amino acid 115 (G115D), was demonstrated in one of these families, and a substitution of adenine (AGT) for guanine (GGT) on exon 3 causing a serine replacement for glycine at amino acid 183 (G183S) was detected in the other family. Affected subjects from the two remaining families demonstrated the same exon 5 mutation of the 5 alpha-reductase-2 gene as previously detected in the large Dominican kindred. The phenotypic and biochemical characteristics of the male pseudohermaphrodites were similar regardless of the genetic defect, except that one affected subject (C-VI-2) with the same exon 5 mutation as the large Dominican kindred had much more facial and body hair. Thus, the identification of multiple mutations in the 5 alpha-reductase-2 gene in male pseudohermaphrodites from the Dominican Republic demonstrates a lack of common ancestry, as had been previously postulated.PMID: 8626825 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: J Endocrinol Invest. 1995 Mar;18(3):205-13. Related Articles,Links Male pseudohermaphroditism due to primary 5 alpha-reductase deficiency: variation in gender identity reversal in seven Mexican patients from five different pedigrees.Mendez JP, Ulloa-Aguirre A, Imperato-McGinley J, Brugmann A, Delfin M, Chavez B, Shackleton C, Kofman-Alfaro S, Perez-Palacios G.Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de la Nutricion, Salvador Zubiran, Mexico, D.F., Mexico.In the present study, we describe the clinical, endocrinological, psychosexual and biochemical features of 7 Mexican male pseudohermaphrodites with primary 5 alpha-reductase deficiency in whom heterogeneity in the pattern of gender identity change at puberty was observed. The patients belonged to 5 different pedigrees from diverse locations in Mexico. Six of them were admitted to the Hospital during or after puberty. The one prepubertal subject was the sibling of a previously studied patient. Basal serum gonadotropins were determined by double antibody radioimmunoassay. Basal and choriogonadotropin (CG)-stimulated concentrations of androstenedione (A), testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were determined by radioimmunoassay after extraction and separation by celite chromatography. Urinary aetiocholanolone, androsterone and C19 and C21 5 beta/5 alpha metabolite ratios were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography. Enzyme activity and androgen receptors were studied in fibroblasts cultured from genital skin. Psychological assessment was performed using the Bender-Gestalt Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the Rorschach Ink Blot and the Thematic Apperception Tests. All 7 patients were unambiguously reared as females; three spontaneously changed their gender identity and role from female to male after puberty, another one changed during psychotherapy at the end of puberty. Two patients (one prepubertal and the other pubertal) have been under therapy during 1.5 years, but due to familial and social factors a female gender has prevailed. The remaining patient consulted at age 15 because of virilization; her female gender identity did not change after more than one year of treatment and due to the fact she was depressed and had suicidal tendencies, the penis and testes were removed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)PMID: 7615906 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Eur Urol. 1994;25 Suppl 1:20-3. Related Articles,Links 5 alpha-reductase deficiency: human and animal models.Imperato-McGinley J.Department of Medicine, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021.The syndrome of male pseudohermaphroditism secondary to 5 alpha-reductase deficiency is reviewed, as are hormonal evaluation and tissue studies documenting the enzyme deficiency. These studies reveal that the 5 alpha-metabolite dihydrotestosterone is essential for differentiation of the external genitalia and prostate. Studies of male rat fetuses treated with 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors during the critical period of sexual differentiation in utero reveal incomplete masculinization of the external genitalia and impaired prostate growth and development. Thus, conclusive evidence is provided for the hypothesis that 5 alpha-reductase activity and dihydrotestosterone formation are essential for normal differentiation of the male external genitalia and the prostate.PMID: 8287893 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1979 Sep;49(3):391-5. Related Articles,Links Male pseudohermaphroditism secondary to 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency: gender role change with puberty.Imperato-McGinley J, Peterson RE, Stoller R, Goodwin WE.A 31-yr-old male pseudohermaphrodite is reported with 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency. Laboratory data revealed a plasma testosterone of 228 ng/100 ml, a plasma androstenedione of 620 ng/100 ml, and an abnormal androstenedione to testosterone ratio. Plasma estradiol was 4.6 ng/100 ml and plasma estrone was 22 ng/100 ml. This subject was born in a hospital, incontrovertibly declared to be a female, and unambiguously raised as a girl by his parents for the first 17 yr of his life. At age 14 yr, he was able to change to a male gender role with ease. As an adult, he is a well adjusted, happily married man with a successful professional career. Surgical correction of bilateral cryptorchidism and hypospadias was carried out at age 14 yr. At age 30 yr, he developed a teratocarcinoma-seminoma of the right testis with retroperitoneal node metastases. After orchiectomy and retroperitoneal node dissection, he was placed on chemotherapy and is presently free of metastases.PMID: 468973 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: N Engl J Med. 1979 May 31;300(22):1233-7. Related Articles,Links Androgens and the evolution of male-gender identity among male pseudohermaphrodites with 5alpha-reductase deficiency.Imperato-McGinley J, Peterson RE, Gautier T, Sturla E.To determine the contribution of androgens to the formation of male-gender identity, we studied male pseudohermaphrodites who had decreased dihydrotestosterone production due to 5 alpha-reductase deficiency. These subjects were born with female-appearing external genitalia and were raised as girls. They have plasma testosterone levels in the high normal range, show an excellent response to testosterone and are unique models for evaluating the effect of testosterone, as compared with a female upbringing, in determining gender identity. Eighteen of 38 affected subjects were unambiguously raised as girls, yet during or after puberty, 17 of 18 changed to a male-gender identity and 16 of 18 to a male-gender role. Thus, exposure of the brain to normal levels of testosterone in utero, neonatally and at puberty appears to contribute substantially to the formation of male-gender identity. These subjects demonstrate that in the absence of sociocultural factors that could interrupt the natural sequence of events, the effect of testosterone predominates, over-riding the effect of rearing as girls.PMID: 431680 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Am J Med. 1977 Feb;62(2):170-91. Related Articles,Links Male pseudohermaphroditism due to steroid 5-alpha-reductase deficiency.Peterson RE, Imperato-McGinley J, Gautier T, Sturla E.A new inherited form of male pseudohermaphroditism has been investigated in a pedigree of 24 families with 38 affected males. At birth, the affected males (46 XY) have a clitoral-like phallus, bifid scrotum and urogenital sinus. The testes are in the inguinal canals or labial-scrotal folds. The Wolffian structures are normally differentiated; there are no Mullerian structures. At puberty a muscular male habitus develops with growth of the phallus and scrotum, voice change and no gynecomastia. The subjects have erections, ejaculations and a libido directed towards females. They have decreased body hair, a scant to absent beard, no temporal hair line recession and a small prostate. Testicular biopsy reveals a normal testis. The mean plasma T levels in affected adults are significantly higher, and the mean plasma DHT levels are significantly lower when compared to those in normal subjects. The plasma T:DHT ratios range from 35 to 84 compared to 8 to 16 in normal subjects. After the administration of hCG, the T:DHT ratios in affected male children range from 74 to 162 compared to 3 to 26 in the control subjects. In affected adults, mean plasma LH and FSH levels are significantly higher than in normal subjects. In the affected subjects, the metabolic clearance rates of T and DHT are normal, but the conversion ratio of T to DHT is less than 1 per cent. The endogenous mean urinary E:A and E-OH:A-OH ratios, and the urinary E:A and E-OH:A-OH ratios after the infusion of radioactive T are significantly higher than in normal males. Inheritance is autosomal recessive with some sibling sisters showing the same biochemical defect, and obligate carrier parents showing an intermediate defect. These data support our thesis that the defect in these male pseudohermaphrodites is secondary to decreased steroid delta 4-5 alpha-reductase activity. The affected subjects provide a clinical model for delineating the roles of T and DHT in sexual differentiation and development. This entity also demonstrates an inherited disorder of steroid metabolism in which the basic enzyme deficiency resides in the target tissues.PMID: 835597 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]	Imperato-McGinley could not have a proof of her ideas,	because we cannot study human brains without ethic problems, so some	researchers studied androgen action in the non human primate brains, in rhesus	fetuses....and their results confirm Imperato-McGinley ideas... Testosterone	and not DHT is the important androgen in the basal systems of the brain, to	masculinize gender identities, in non human primates, as in men.	1: Brain Res. 1992 Jan 20;570(1-2):68-74. Related Articles,Links The interaction of testosterone with the brain of the orchidectomized primate fetus.Michael RP, Zumpe D, Bonsall RW.Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.At certain times during gestation, the testes of the fetal macaque produce plasma levels of testosterone (T) that are similar to those of adults. It is thought that testosterone acts on the brain via estrogen and androgen receptors to organize the development of sexually dimorphic neural structures that underlie sex differences in behavior. To test the proposition that there are male-female differences in the occupation of steroid receptor binding sites during fetal development in the cynomolgus macaque, we have compared the uptake of [3H]T and its metabolites in: (1) 5 intact males (plasma T 571.2 +/- 215.5 ng/100 ml); (2) 5 intact females (33.8 +/- 25.2 ng/100 ml); (3) in 5 males orchidectomized in utero (14.6 +/- 5.7 ng/100 ml). About 1 week after fetal gonadectomy or sham-operation, all fetuses were given 500 microCi [3H]T s.c. and were then delivered 60 min later by Cesarean section. Brains were removed and dissected into blocks containing the hypothalamus and preoptic area, amygdala, hippocampus, and midbrain. Samples of cerebral and cerebellar cortex were also obtained. Purified nuclear pellets were prepared by centrifugation through 2 M sucrose and were extracted into ether and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Hypothalamic nuclear concentrations of [3H]E2 in intact males (847 +/- 195 dpm per mg DNA) were significantly lower than those in sham-operated females (2147 +/- 542 dpm per mg DNA) (P less than 0.05), but those in orchidectomized males (2233 +/- 345 dpm per mg DNA) were similar to concentrations in females.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)PMID: 1617431 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Life Sci. 1992;50(6):409-17. Related Articles,Links Immunohistochemical labeling of androgen receptors in the brain of rat and monkey.Clancy AN, Bonsall RW, Michael RP.Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.Androgen receptor antibodies have recently been developed using fusion proteins containing fragments of human prostatic androgen receptor. We have used a polyclonal antibody raised in rabbits to label androgen receptors in brain sections from male and female rats and monkeys. Free-floating frozen sections were incubated in primary antibody, and processed by the peroxidase-avidin-biotin complex method using biotinylated anti-rabbit IgG. Nickel intensified diaminobenzidine was used as the chromagen, and neurons were labeled in the amygdala, hippocampus, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, septum, preoptic area, in several hypothalamic nuclei including the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, in several brain stem motor nuclei and in cerebral cortex. Staining was most intense in cell nuclei but also occurred in cytoplasm and in some neuronal processes. Labeling was more restricted in monkey than in rat brain. Omitting the primary antibody or pre-incubating the primary antibody with rat prostatic cytosol for control purposes demonstrated the specificity of staining.PMID: 1734159 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Neuroendocrinology. 1992 Jan;55(1):84-91. Related Articles,Links Developmental changes in the uptake of testosterone by the primate brain.Bonsall RW, Michael RP.Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30306.During the neonatal period in male macaques, the testis produces adult-like levels of plasma testosterone (T), but the function of this in development is not understood. To investigate the interaction of T with the neonatal brain, 4 male and 5 female cynomolgus monkeys were gonadectomized 2-5 days after birth, and were injected subcutaneously 3 days later with 500 microCi [3H]-testosterone ([3H]-T). 60 min later, brains and other tissue samples were removed. Purified nuclear pellets were prepared by centrifugation through 2 M sucrose, extracted into ether and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The aromatized metabolite, [3H]-estradiol [( 3H]-E2), was found only in the hypothalamus (HYP) and amygdala (AMG). In HYP, [3H]-E2 represented 55 +/- 3% of the radioactivity in males and 53 +/- 3% in females. In AMG, [3H]-E2 represented 40 +/- 9% of the radioactivity in males and 47 +/- 3% in females. Concentrations of unchanged [3H]-T were higher than those of [3H]-dihydrotestosterone [( 3H]-DHT). Both androgens were present in nuclear pellets from all 8 brain regions studied, and concentrations were significantly higher in females than in males (p less than 0.005). [3H]-T was also the main form of radioactivity in nuclear pellets from pituitary gland, adrenal gland, uterus and liver, but very high levels of [3H]-DHT were found in seminal vesicles, prostate and penis. Comparisons were made with previous results from orchidectomized fetuses at 122 days gestation and from fully adult male castrates, and the largest developmental changes occurred in the AMG where concentrations of [3H]-E2 were 20-fold higher in adults than in fetuses, and most of this increase took place after the neonatal stage. Nuclear concentrations of [3H]-T also increased markedly during development in most brain regions except the cerebellar cortex where they declined.PMID: 1608511 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Neuroendocrinology. 1990 Apr;51(4):474-80. Related Articles,Links Comparisons of the nuclear uptake of [3H]-testosterone and its metabolites by the brains of male and female macaque fetuses at 122 days of gestation.Bonsall RW, Zumpe D, Michael RP.Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga.Testosterone secreted by the testis of the macaque fetus is thought to influence certain aspects of the brain \'s subsequent development which may be responsible for the ontogeny of sexually dimorphic patterns of behavior. To compare the interactions between testosterone and the receptors for androgens and estrogens in brain cell nuclei in the two sexes, 7 intact female fetuses and 5 intact male fetuses were injected in utero at about 120 days of gestation with [3H]-testosterone (250 microCi i.v. or 500 microCi s.c.). One hour later, fetuses were delivered by cesarean section, and samples of brain and peripheral tissues were homogenized and separated into purified nuclear and supernatant fractions. Fractions were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography to measure levels of [3H]-testosterone and its metabolites. Concentrations of radioactivity extracted from cell nuclei were significantly higher in the hypothalamus-preoptic area than in other brain areas (p less than 0.001); [3H]-estradiol represented 65.0 +/- 5.7% of this radioactivity and nuclear concentrations of this metabolite were 73% lower in males than in females (p less than 0.001). Nuclear concentrations of [3H]-testosterone in the pituitary gland (68.9 +/- 8.8% of extracted radioactivity) were 48% lower in males than in females (p less than 0.001). There was no evidence of a sex difference in the tissue uptake of radioactive steroids from blood, but in males, levels of endogenous plasma testosterone (599.8 +/- 208.2 ng/100 ml) were significantly higher than in females (37.7 +/- 28.5 ng/100 ml; p less than 0.01), and the specific activity of [3H]-testosterone in blood was consequently lower in males than in females.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)PMID: 2111895 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Brain Res. 1989 Nov 13;502(1):11-20. Related Articles,Links Sites in the male primate brain at which testosterone acts as an androgen.Michael RP, Rees HD, Bonsall RW.Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.Quantitative autoradiographic analysis was used to identify regions in the brain of the male primate where androgen binding sites may be involved in the actions of testosterone. Three days after castration, adult male rhesus monkeys received a subcutaneous injection of either dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP, 20 mg, n = 6), testosterone propionate (TP, 100 mg, n = 2), or oil vehicle (control males, n = 4). Three hours later, 5 mCi [3H]testosterone was administered as an i.v. bolus. At 60 min, brains were rapidly removed and the left halves were used for autoradiography. In control males, highest percentages of labeled neurons (20-84% using a rigorous Poisson criterion) were observed in the ventromedial, arcuate and premammillary nuclei (n.) of the hypothalamus, medial preoptic n., bed n. of stria terminalis, intercalated mammillary n., lateral septal n. and the medial, cortical and accessory basal n. of the amygdala. Pretreatment with DHTP eliminated labeling in androgen target tissues of the genital tract, and reduced the percentages of labeled neurons to 4-22% of control values in the arcuate, lateral septal, premammillary and intercalated mammillary n., indicating that in these regions testosterone acted predominantly at androgen binding sites. However, in the medial preoptic n., the ventromedial hypothalamic n. and the accessory basal amygdaloid n., DHTP pretreatment resulted in much less blocking which, together with other data, suggested that in these sites, testosterone \'s actions involved aromatization and interaction with estrogen-binding sites.PMID: 2819450 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: J Steroid Biochem. 1989 Sep;33(3):405-11. Related Articles,Links Pretreatments with 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and the uptake of testosterone by cell nuclei in the brains of male rhesus monkeys.Bonsall RW, Michael RP.Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.An in vivo competition method was used in adult male rhesus monkeys to determine if testosterone binds to high affinity binding agents, notably androgen receptors, in brain cell nuclei. Castrated males received 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP, 20 mg, N = 6), testosterone propionate (TP, 100 mg, N = 3) or oil vehicle (controls, N = 6) followed 3 h later by 5 mCi [3H]testosterone [( 3H]T) as an intravenous bolus. Brain and peripheral tissue samples were removed after 60 min, homogenized and separated into supernatant and purified nuclear fractions. Radioactive metabolites of [3H]T [( 3H]estradiol, [3H]DHT) and unchanged [3H]T were identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Androgen pretreatments reduced the nuclear uptake of [3H]T by 67-98% in hypothalamus (HYP), preoptic area (POA) and pituitary gland (PIT). This blockade was presumed to be due to prior occupation of nuclear androgen receptors by unlabeled androgens because pretreatments had no effects on levels of [3H]T in supernatants. Since [3H]T was the major radioactive androgen present in brain cell nuclei, results strongly suggested that the principal nuclear androgen receptor ligand in HYP, POA and PIT was unchanged [3H]T rather than [3H]DHT as occurs in the genital tract. In the amygdala the situation was quite different. Here, nuclear concentrations of [3H]T were reduced by 67% following TP pretreatment but were not changed following DHTP pretreatment, indicating a different uptake mechanism in this region that could have particular relevance for testosterone \'s central actions on behavior.PMID: 2779232 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: J Steroid Biochem. 1989 Apr;32(4):599-608. Related Articles,Links Identification of radioactivity in cell nuclei from brain, pituitary gland and genital tract of male rhesus monkeys after the administration of [3H]testosterone.Bonsall RW, Rees HD, Michael RP.Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.Enzymes are present in the primate brain that convert testosterone into 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one (dihydrotestosterone), estradiol-17 beta and 4-androstene-3,17-dione. To identify the metabolites of testosterone that accumulate in cell nuclei obtained from different regions of the brain, 9 adult castrated male rhesus monkeys were injected with 5 mCi [3H]testosterone as an intravenous bolus. After 1 h, brains were rapidly removed and the left halves were used for autoradiography while the right halves were dissected to provide 14 samples. Radioactive metabolites in cell nuclei were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and by repeated recrystallization. In autoradiograms of brain, most of the labeled neurons were in the hypothalamus, preoptic area and amygdala. These three regions also had the highest levels of radioactivity. The major form of this radioactivity was [3H]estradiol-17 beta (Type I tissues) and the major radioactive androgen present was [3H]testosterone. In all other brain regions and pituitary gland, the major form of radioactivity was unchanged [3H]testosterone (Type II tissues). In genital tract structures, [3H]dihydrotestosterone predominated (Type III tissues). These results suggested that, in contrast to its actions on genital tract structures, testosterone acts on neuronal nuclei mainly in unmetabolized form or after conversion to estradiol-17 beta.PMID: 2724964 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Endocrinology. 1989 Mar;124(3):1319-26. Related Articles,Links The uptake of [3H]testosterone and its metabolites by the brain and pituitary gland of the fetal macaque.Michael RP, Bonsall RW, Rees HD.Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.Testosterone is secreted by the fetal testis during gestation, and this is thought to influence certain aspects of the brain \'s subsequent development. To study this action at the neuronal level, nine macaque fetuses were injected with 250 microCi [3H]testosterone via the umbilical vein at about 120 days gestation. After 60 min, samples of brain and peripheral tissue were studied by autoradiography or HPLC. Purified nuclear pellets were prepared, and radioactivity in ether extracts was fractionated by HPLC and identified by coelution with internal standard steroids. Concentrations of radioactivity were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in the hypothalamus-preoptic area than in amygdala, hippocampus, midbrain, and cerebral and cerebellar cortexes, and most of the radioactivity (75%) in the hypothalamus-preoptic area coeluted with 17 beta-estradiol. Radioactivity coeluting with 17 beta-estradiol was also detected in nuclear fractions from amygdala (44%). In contrast, 80% of the radioactivity extracted from pituitary gland nuclei coeluted with testosterone. Most of the neurons labeled in autoradiograms were located in the hypothalamus and preoptic area, fewer were found in the amygdala, and labeling in the frontal or motor cortex did not exceed chance levels. Results suggested that aromatization and, consequently, estrogen receptors play a role in the effects of testosterone on the hypothalamus and amygdala of the primate fetus at this stage of development.PMID: 2917514 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Cell Tissue Res. 1988 Oct;254(1):139-46. Related Articles,Links Localization and identification of nuclear radioactivity in the pituitary gland and genital tract after administering 3H-testosterone, 3H-dihydrotestosterone, or 3H-estradiol to male rhesus monkeys.Rees HD, Bonsall RW, Michael RP.Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.Target cells for testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol in the pituitary gland and genital tract of the male primate were localized by thaw-mount autoradiography, and high performance liquid chromatography was used to identify the metabolites of these steroids in cell nuclei. Castrated rhesus monkeys were injected with 3H-testosterone, 3H-dihydrotestosterone, or 3H-estradiol and killed 60 min later. In the anterior pituitary gland, fewer cells were labeled and less radioactivity was taken up by cell nuclei following the administration of either 3H-testosterone (4% of pars distalis cells and 5 dpm/micrograms DNA) or 3H-dihydrotestosterone (5% of cells and 13 dpm/micrograms DNA) than following the administration of 3H-estradiol (43% of cells and 214 dpm/micrograms DNA). Most of the radioactivity in nuclei was in the form of the unmetabolized parent compound (78-94%). In prostate, seminal vesicles, and penis, 3H-dihydrotestosterone was the predominant form of nuclear radioactivity following both 3H-testosterone (67-90%) and 3H-dihydrostestosterone (94-97%) administration, and both androgens labeled epithelial and smooth muscle cells. In contrast, 3H-estradiol was taken up in unchanged form, by cell nuclei of the genital tract and it labeled connective tissue fibroblasts, but not epithelial cells. Thus, the distributions of target cells for androgens and estrogens were clearly different in all these tissues, and the uptake of testosterone resembled that of its androgenic rather than that of its estrogenic metabolite.PMID: 3197077 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Brain Res. 1988 Jun 14;452(1-2):28-38. Related Articles,Links Estrogen binding and the actions of testosterone in the brain of the male rhesus monkey.Rees HD, Bonsall RW, Michael RP.Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.Autoradiography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to determine where metabolites of testosterone interact with estrogen binding sites in the brain of the male primate. Three days after castration, animals received a subcutaneous injection of either estradiol benzoate (EB, 200 micrograms/kg, n = 4) or oil vehicle (controls, n = 4). Three hours later, 5 mCi [3H]testosterone was administered as an intravenous bolus. At 60 min, brains were rapidly removed, left halves were used for autoradiography and right halves were dissected into 14 samples for HPLC of nuclear and supernatant fractions. In control males, labeled neurons were observed in preoptic area, hypothalamus and amygdala. In EB-pretreated males, the number of labeled neurons was reduced by 35% in the anterior hypothalamus and ventromedial nucleus, and by 65% in the cortical and accessory basal amygdaloid nuclei, but was not significantly reduced in other brain regions. In hypothalamus, preoptic area and amygdala, EB-pretreatment reduced nuclear concentrations of [3H]estradiol to 37-55% of control levels, but reduced neither the nuclear concentrations of [3H]testosterone nor the supernatant concentrations of [3H]estradiol and [3H]testosterone. The data suggest that the actions of testosterone in regions such as the arcuate nucleus and lateral septal nucleus primarily involve unchanged testosterone or dihydrotestosterone, while in regions such as the amygdala, aromatization and interaction with estrogen receptors is involved also.PMID: 3401735 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Neuroendocrinology. 1987 Dec;46(6):511-21. Related Articles,Links Sites at which testosterone may act as an estrogen in the brain of the male primate.Michael RP, Bonsall RW, Rees HD.Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga.Testosterone is converted to estradiol in specific regions of the primate brain and accumulates as such in the nuclei of cells in hypothalamus, preoptic area, and amygdala. To locate more precisely those neurons in which nuclear estrogen receptors were occupied by estrogenic metabolites of testosterone, we injected 8 castrated male rhesus monkeys with [3H]-estradiol. Four were injected with oil for control purposes, and 4 were pretreated for 3 days with 2 mg/day testosterone propionate. This dose raised plasma testosterone levels into the high physiological range for intact males. After 60 min, brains were rapidly removed, the levels of [3H]-estradiol in nuclei were measured in the right halves of the brains by high-performance liquid chromatography, and labeled neurons were located in the left halves by autoradiography. Compared with the 4 control animals, nuclear levels of [3H]-estradiol in testosterone-treated males were reduced by 77% in the hypothalamus (p less than 0.001), by 93% in the preoptic area (p less than 0.001), and by 90% in the amygdala (p less than 0.05). In autoradiograms from testosterone-treated males, the labeling of neurons was reduced by 72-96% in most of the regions in which the control males showed high percentages of labeled cells. However, there were only small reductions in the number of labeled neurons in lateral septum (by 31%) and arcuate nucleus (by 23%). These two regions, therefore, contained estrogen receptors that were not blocked by pretreatment with testosterone. The simplest explanation for these results is that estrogenic metabolites of testosterone prevented the uptake of [3H]-estradiol by prior occupation of estrogen receptor sites. The rather precise neuroanatomical localization of the effects pointed to the existence of two populations of estrogen target neurons in the primate brain depending on the presence or absence of local aromatase activity.PMID: 3122067 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: J Steroid Biochem. 1988 Apr;29(4):429-34. Related Articles,Links Testosterone 5 alpha-reductase activity in neural tissue of fetal rhesus macaques.Resko JA, Connolly PB, Roselli CE.Department of Physiology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201.After development of a 5 alpha-reductase activity (5 alpha-RA) assay based on the capacity of microsomes to convert [3H]testosterone (T) to [3H]dihydrotestosterone (DHT), we analyzed 5 alpha-RA in neural tissues of fetal rhesus macaques at 50, 80 and 150 days of gestation. This method allowed us to collect kinetic data on the properties of the 5 alpha-reductase resident in fetal brain at 150 days of gestation. The Km and Vmax calculated from these data were 4.32 microM and 22.6 nmol.mg protein-1.h-1, respectively. Analyses of 5 alpha-RA in microsomes from the hypothalamic-preoptic area-amygdala (HPA) at dilutions of 1/25 and 1/50 indicated higher enzyme activity with increasing dilution of the microsomes. Measurement of 5 alpha-RA using concentrations of [3H]T which saturated the enzyme in diencephalon (DIEN), brain stem (B.STEM), temporal (TCTX) and frontal cortex (FCTX) of six 50-day old fetuses (3 males and 3 females) revealed no obvious sex differences in 5 alpha-RA, however, a significant difference (P less than 0.05) between tissues was noted. The DIEN and B.STEM contained significantly (P less than 0.05) higher levels 5 alpha-RA than the FCTX while the TCTX contained an intermediate level of activity. Significant increases in 5 alpha-RA were observed in FCTX and TCTX with time of gestation (50, 80 and 150 days). Other tissues, including amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum, tegmentum and septum also change with fetal age. These data demonstrate the existence of 5 alpha-reductase in the fetal monkey brain. Significant changes in cortical 5 alpha-RA suggest some role for 5 alpha-reductase in development.PMID: 3374132 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Neuroendocrinology. 1990 Jul;52(1):94-8. Related Articles,Links Aromatase, 5-alpha-reductase, and androgen receptor levels in the fetal monkey brain during early development.Sholl SA, Kim KL.Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison.Aromatase, 5 alpha-reductase and cytosolic androgen receptor levels were measured in the medial basal hypothalamus (MHB), amygdala (AMG), cerebellum and cerebral cortex of male and female fetal rhesus monkeys on day 70 of gestation. Higher aromatase activities were noted in the MBH and AMG of male than female fetuses. In contrast, no sex differences were found for 5 alpha-reductase and androgen receptor levels. These data suggest that at this early stage of development, differentiation of the MBH and AMG of the male fetus may be more susceptible to androgen modification, by way of aromatization to estrogens, than corresponding areas in the female fetus. Moreover, based upon a comparison of the current data to that published previously for later stages of development, it is suggested that the sex differences in aromatase activity are not the result of androgen stimulation.PMID: 2118611 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]","null","null","");arrFiles[2]=new Array("http://www.gendercare.com/library/tipslibrary12.html","Selection12 - Bhakti Ananda Goswami & Wal Torres ... and the Copernican revolution of man and woman definition","Library Selection 12 - Bhakti Ananda Goswami & Wal Torres ... and the Copernican	revolution of man and woman definition Library Selection 1 - Kruijver et al,2000 and others Abstracts and Free Full Papers Library Selection 2 - Aphallia & Sissyboys Library Selection 3 - Transsexual Hormone Therapy (HRT) Library Selection 4 - Hormones and the primate Brain... humans and non humans... USA studies. Library Selection 5 - FtM Transsexual, Aphallia & Micropenis Library Selection 6 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Transgenders and Crossdressers Library Selection 7 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Torres & Jurberg Hypothesis Library Selection 8 - SF-1 and DAX-1 papers Library Selection 9 - Dörner....and the brain sexual differentiation	Library Selection 10 - Imperato_McGinley...and T action for the gender identity masculinization	See here some scientific abstracts from Medline.	Access Medline Abstracts and Papers yourself directly.	See below some wonderful paper abstracts and sometimes FREE FULL PAPERS!.	We received that email from Bhakti Ananda Goswami, who is	fighting for a new definition about what is a man and what is a woman. He is ,	as we are, looking for a Revolution, a Copernican or Kantian revolution, for Man	and Woman definition. As in Astronomy and Phylosophy, that discussion is a question	of Points of Reference. Now we need to think about that dialectic evolution also	for defining Man and Woman. For Man and Woman definition, we are in Ptolomaic	ages...we are in Aristotelian ages....we need now, having so new results about	the brain and gender identity, to renew the concept of WHAT IT IS TO BE A MAN OR	A WOMAN. Bhakti Ananda Goswami has a more religious point of view, and Wal Torres	has a more brain centered one....but both arrive to the same final goal....to	redefine what it is to be a man or a woman. With the agreement from Bhakti Ananda	Goswami, we publish here all his email to us... and we hope future commuinications	among us will be published soon.	De: BhaktiAnandaGoswamiPara: marthafreitas@uol.com.brData: 13/10/200321:16Assunto: YOURSITEREFERENCEDINARTICLEONLEGALLYDEFININGMANORWOMANINTHEUSASubject: DEFINING MAN OR WOMAN : REFERENCES INCLUDING SOUTH AFRICAN STUDIESSubject: Playing God by Trying to Legislate Some Unworkable Definition of \'Man \' and \'Woman \'...With NLM Medical Journal ReferencesSubject: VNN ARTICLE WITH OLYMPIC AND NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE REFERENCESBATTLING THE MATERIALISTIC IMPERSONALISM OF SEXISM...Now Try to Define a \'Man \' or a \'Woman \'...TheSelf is Infinitely More Than the Sum of Some Bodily PartsBy Bhakti Ananda Goswamic 9-18-2003Jerry Falwell and his cadre of inexperienced and ill-informed homophobic marriage-defendersare at it again. Their current “One Man and One Woman” Marriage Initiativein the U.S.A. ( http://www.onemanonewoman.com/ ) ispicking up steam, and we should all welcome it, because ultimately medical challenges tosuch a law will prove that it is impossible to use anymedical criteria for justly defining a \'man \' or \'woman \'. The many kinds of intersex persons, including sex-reversed persons (born that way),who cannot fit any chromosomal or anatomical definition of male or female will have to have their constitutional rights upheld. The reality of such persons will never permit a simple chromosomal, gonadal or genital definition of male or female, man or woman. By trying to force a legal medical definition of \'man \' and \'woman \' for marriage purposes,Falwell and his followers are in for a real shock from God and Mother Nature! Already the International Olympic Committee has entangled itself in a nightmarish legal mess, by trying to define \'male \' and \'female \' for athletic competition legal purposes. The Committee had to stop genetic testing, due tothe suprizing number ofintersex persons who were being unjustly kept out of the Olympic Games, because they could not pass the Committee \'s \'sex \' testing! \"After decades of dispute over not only the process, but also the procedure of gender testing in the Olympic Games, a January 1999 decision has been ratified to end this testing altogether. This was a ratification of the resolution passed in 1996 at the International Olympic Committee World Conference on Women and Health to find a way to discontinue the practice. \"http://cronopio.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/140-ScienceandMedia/140-webpage/FINAL00140/Final00-GS140/sports.htmlThe reality is that life on Earth is much more complicated than the simple, common (mis) understanding of male or female so passionately believed-in by persons like Mr. Falwell and the promoters of this amendment.Hoping to influence themoral decline of our Nation, these marriage defendersmean well, but are making a terrible mistake based on a belief in human sexual dimorphism that is not based in reality. Neither is their misunderstanding Biblically based. You will not find sex chromosomes or mixed-sex gonads etc. mentioned anywhere in the Bible. The sad fact is that their idea of male and female is based on bad out-dated 19th century and early 20th century science. They are still living in the early scientific era when it was wrongly assumed that animals and humans came in only two models, with only two kinds and expressions of sex chromosomes...XY=male and XX=female. Now modern science KNOWS that this is simply not true! Consequently the key to the failureof this misguided marriage-protection legislationis the fact that no purely biological simple definition of male or female will ever suffice. XX and XY chromosomes cannot be used to legally define everyhuman, because not all humans are merely XX or XY. Some are chromosomally XXY, XO or Mosaic, having various chromosomal patterns in different tissuesthroughout their bodies. Mosaic persons can test XX, XY, XXY, XO or something else in various parts of their bodies! Then there are naturally sex-reversed people whose bodies are the opposite of the standard issue. Such persons haveXX chromosomes with male anatomy, or XY chromosomes with female anatomy. Neither can gonads (ovaries or testes) or other reproductive parts be used to define every person’s sex, because some otherwise normal men have a uterus (Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome) and some intersex chromosomal \'women \' have a functional penis and testes. There are even completely \"sex-reversed \" (this is the actual medical term!)people who have normal-looking bodies that are the opposite of their sex chromosomes.Complete-AIS XY \'genetic males \' have normal female anatomy and function sexually just like normal women, and Complete-CAH XX \'genetic females \' have normal external male anatomy.Naturally sex-reversed people have always been sex-assigned and raised as their anatomical sex, not their so-called chromosomal or genetic sex.There are also otherwise normal looking and feeling men and women who have been born without any genitals, as well as intersex persons who were born with both a functional vagina and a functional phallus. Furthermore, some intersex people are so-called “true hermaphrodites” (a medical label that is being phased-out as offensive), because they have ovotestes or both testicular and ovarian tissue in their mixed-sex gonads. Although most intersex persons are infertile, some can and do biologically parent children or successfully give birth. In 2001, when I was compiling a survey of the best and most recent research on sex differentiation and intersex conditions in vertebral species (including our own),I read a number of biology and medical journal reports on intersex and sex-reversed animals and humanswho had fathered or given birth to healthy off-spring. Yes, there are XY women who have given birth to normal children.So there are not only reproductively successful XY sex-reversed females in other species,but there are even fertile and infertile (with treatment) XY human females who have given birth! Such cases can be studied on-line at the National Library of Medicine(http://www.nlm.nih.gov/) Entrez PubMed journal search sitehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi. This search site is very easy to use and accesses over 12 million scientific journal citations, going all the way back to the 1960s. Hundreds of scientific papers on intersex and sex-reversal in humans and other species can be read at this site. The U. S. National Library of Medicine is the leading institution of its kind in the world.Just a search of \'environmental estrogens \' and related terms will pull up hundreds of world-class studies on modern pollution-caused intersex conditions in animals and man. The feminization of ALL SPECIES due to environmental estrogen mimicking compounds is a very serious world problem. It has been called a crisis and an epidemic. In some badly polluted areas, the incidence of XY feminized intersex has doubled in the last 20 years.So more and more people are being born every day who cannot be sex-assigned according to the typical XY-male type of differentiation. What will Mr. Falwell and his \'man and woman \' marriage crusaders want the legal establishment to do with these souls?There are more and more intersex humans that break all of the rules of any possible simple and dimorphic legal-medical “male and female” sex assignment. This means that any rule used to define “one man and one woman” for marriage purposes can and will be eventually challenged and struck down, at the nation’s highest court, by the scientific facts presented in defense of intersex persons who will have to challenge any simple dimorphic definitions of \'male and female \' or \'man and woman \', to secure their most basic human rights. Seeing such a legal nightmare on the legislative horizon, more and more informed people in the government will try to block this doomed legal project. The institution of Christian Marriage cannot be \"defended \" by denying a vast number of intersexed human beings their very right to exist. So, let the ill-informedbring on this amendment, and let science respond with the question: “OK, how will we define ‘male’ and ‘female’? \" The ensuing struggle will be very educational! \"I welcome it, as it will for once and for all end the legal-medical tyranny of anatomical parts over people who do not fit neatly into our society’s fantasy of a simple, sexually dimorphic species.This amendment is exactly what is needed to bring the scientific, medical and human rights legal issues of assigning sex to national and global attention. Simplistic definitions of male and female, or man and woman, are the fantasy of inexperienced and poorly educated people like Mr. Falwell. Such prejudiced people would benefit from some volunteer service that exposes them to the real medical, legal and pastoral needs of intersex and sex-reversed people and their families.In the real world, human beings come in a continuum of complexbiological conditions that range from the common standard issue XX=female and XY=male, through an extremely complex continuum of intersex states,all the way to the naturally sex-reversed XX-male and XY-female. A large number of humans exist inevery state possible and viable in between \'normal \' male and female, and chromosomally sex-reversed male and female. In fact, estimates for various population groups range from 1 in 2000 to 1 in 100 for persons born with some atypical sex differentiation orintersex condition. That is a lot of people who will not fit into any one-size-fits-all legal-medical definition of \'male and female \'. Such intersex and sex-reversed persons are fully human and have basic God-given human rights too! As it is now, there is an enormous medical ethics debate going on about how to \'treat \' and assign sex to the increasingly large number of intersex persons being born every day.At some point this medical ethics problem and the legal issue of defining \'man \' and \'woman \' for marriage purposes will merge. When they do, it will stimulate a new era for human rights education and activism.Education regarding the medical-legal impossibility of defining male and female is therefore the key to a human rights centered outcome in this amendment struggle.The sanctity of sacramental marriage (in any faith) cannot be preserved by denying the existence and basic human rights of part of the human race. For a copy of the Topical Index to my Sex Differentiation Study entitled \"Improving Medical and Pastoral Responses To The Needs Of Intersex Persons...A Resource: Sex Differentiation and Behavior, An Introduction To Animal And Human Studies \" (Compiled by David Sherman, August 2001) please write bhakti.eohn@verizon.netSOME REFERENCES TO MY ABOVELETTER REGARDING THE MEDICAL DEFINITION OF A MAN AND A WOMANCitation of these references is not an endorsement of the research or treatment methodologies used.UNITED STATES NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL CITATIONSCAN XX AND XY \'SEX CHROMOSOMES \' BE USED TO DEFINE EVERY HUMAN BEING \'S \'SEX \', ASSIGNING THE SEX OF \'MALE \' TO EVERYONE WITH XY CHROMOSOMES AND THE SEX OF \'FEMALE \' TO EVERYONE WITH XX CHROMOSOMES?NO, BECAUSE NOT ALL HUMANS HAVE SIMPLY XX OR XY CHROMOSOMES, AND SOMETIMES AN XY PERSON HAS AFEMALE BODY AND AN XX PERSON HAS A MALE BODY. IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE THIS IS CALLED \"SEX-REVERSAL \", AND IT OCCURS NOT ONLY IN HUMANS, BUT IN MANY SPECIES FROM FISH AND REPTILES TO BIRDS AND MAMMALS, INCLUDINGTHE \'GREAT APES \' AND HUMANS. BELOW ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF INDIVIDUAL HUMAN PATIENTS,AND CLASSES OF ATYPICAL OR INTERSEX CONDITIONS CONSIDERED FORMS OF \"SEX-REVERSAL \", WHICHARE FOUND IN BOTH ANIMALS AND HUMAN BEINGS. THESE ARE ALL FROM TWOSINGLE TERM SEARCHES, WHICHYIELDED60 AND 234 JOURNAL CITATIONS RESPECTIVELY. I ONLY LOOKED AT ABOUT THE FIRST 20 AND 60.THE FIRST TERM WAS \"XY PREGNANCY \" AND THE SECOND WAS \"SEX-REVERSAL \". NOT GIVEN BELOW ARE REFERENCES TO THE ENORMOUS NUMBER OF STUDIES, WHICH HAVE BEEN DONE ON INTERSEX AND SEX-REVERSAL IN PRIMATES. A SECTION ON PRIMATE STUDIESIS INCLUDED IN MY 2001 SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE ON SEX DIFFERENTIATION AND SEX DIMORPHIC BEHAVIOR IN VERTEBRATES.SEX-REVERSED XY WOMENSUCCESSFUL PREGNANCIES IN SEX-REVERSED XY WOMEN, WHO HAD NO EGGS OF THEIR OWN. Selvaraj K, Ganesh V, Selvaraj P.Successful pregnancy in a patient with a 46,XY karyotype.Fertil Steril. 2002 Aug;78(2):419-20. PMID: 12137885 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Tanaka Y, Fujiwara K, Yamauchi H, Mikami Y, Kohno I.Pregnancy in a woman with a Y chromosome after removal of an ovarian dysgerminoma.Gynecol Oncol. 2000 Dec;79(3):519-21. PMID: 11104633 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Dirnfeld M, Bider D, Abramovicia H, Calderon I, Blumenfeld Z.Subsequent successful pregnancy and delivery after intracytoplasmic sperm injection in a patient with XY gonadal dysgenesisms.Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2000 Jan;88(1):101-2. PMID: 10659926 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Kan AK, Abdalla HI, Oskarsson T.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9262272&dopt=AbstractTwo successful pregnancies in a 46,XY patient.Fertility and Endocrinology Centre, In Vitro Fertilisation Unit, Lister Hospital, London, UK.Hum Reprod. 1997 Jul;12(7):1434-5.PMID: 9262272 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Bardeguez AD, De Ziegler D, Weiss G.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2381633&dopt=AbstractMultifetal pregnancy in a gonadal dysgenesis mosaic.Obstet Gynecol. 1990 Sep;76(3 Pt 2):502-4. PMID: 2381633 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] IN THESE TWO CASES,XY CHROMOSOMES WERE DETECTED IN WOMEN WHO WERE FERTILE (WHO HAD VIABLE EGGS OF THEIR OWN).IN THE FIRST CASE, XY CHROMOSOMES WERE DETECTED AFTER HER PREGNANCY. IN THE SECOND CASE, THE WOMAN IS DESCRIBED AS BEING FERTILE, HAVING XY CHROMOSOMES AND A FEMALE \"PHENOTYPE \", WHICH MEANS ANATOMY.De Moor G, De Bock G, Noens L, De Bie S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3414310&dopt=AbstractA new case of human chimerism detected after pregnancy: 46,XY karyotype in the lymphocytes of a woman.Acta Clin Belg. 1988;43(3):231-5. PMID: 3414310 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Sudik R, Jakubiczka S, Nawroth F, Gilberg E, Wieacker PF.Chimerism in a fertile woman with 46,XY karyotype and female phenotype.Hum Reprod. 2001 Jan;16(1):56-58. PMID: 11139536 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]HERE ARE SOME OTHER REFERENCES TO HUMAN SEX-REVERSAL SPECIFICALLY REGARDING XX SEX-REVERSED MENDomenice S, Nishi MY, Billerbeck AE, Carvalho FM, Frade EM, Latronico AC, Arnhold IJ, Mendonca BB.Molecular analysis of SRY gene in Brazilian 46,XX sex reversed patients: absence of SRY sequence in gonadal tissue.Med Sci Monit. 2001 Mar-Apr;7(2):238-41. PMID: 11257728 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Huang B, Wang S, Ning Y, Lamb AN, Bartley J.Autosomal XX sex reversal caused by duplication of SOX9.Am J Med Genet. 1999 Dec 3;87(4):349-53. PMID: 10588843 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Kolon TF, Ferrer FA, McKenna PH.Clinical and molecular analysis of XX sex reversed patients.J Urol. 1998 Sep;160(3 Pt 2):1169-72; discussion 1178. PMID: 9719302 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Reddy PP, Papenhausen PR, Suh YM, Riddick LM, Calvano CJ, Mandell J.XX sex reversal: molecular analysis of the SRY/ZFY regions.J Urol. 1997 Sep;158(3 Pt 2):1305-7. PMID: 9258201 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]HUMAN SEX-REVERSAL IN GENERAL, AND XY FEMALE SEX REVERSAL (MORE COMMONLY STUDIED THAN XX MALE SEX-REVERSAL)Jameson JL, Achermann JC, Ozisik G, Meeks JJ.Battle of the sexes: new insights into genetic pathways of gonadal development.Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2003;114:51-63; discussion 64-5. Review. PMID: 12813911 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINEDewing P, Bernard P, Vilain E.Disorders of gonadal development.Semin Reprod Med. 2002 Aug;20(3):189-98. Review. PMID: 12428199 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINECotinot C, Pailhoux E, Jaubert F, Fellous M.Molecular genetics of sex determination.Semin Reprod Med. 2002 Aug;20(3):157-68. Review. PMID: 12428196 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINESalas-Cortes L, Jaubert F, Bono MR, Fellous M, Rosemblatt M.Expression of the human SRY protein during development in normal male gonadal and sex-reversed tissues.J Exp Zool. 2001 Nov 1;290(6):607-15. PMID: 11748609 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Ostrer H.Identifying genes for male sex determination in humans.J Exp Zool. 2001 Nov 1;290(6):567-73. Review. PMID: 11748605 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Vilain E. SEE ABOVE Genetics of sexual development.Annu Rev Sex Res. 2000;11:1-25. Review. PMID: 11351829 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Salas-Cortes L, Jaubert F, Nihoul-Fekete C, Brauner R, Rosemblatt M, Fellous M.SRY protein is expressed in ovotestis and streak gonads from human sex-reversal.Cytogenet Cell Genet. 2000;91(1-4):212-6. PMID: 11173859 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Calvari V, Bertini V, De Grandi A, Peverali G, Zuffardi O, Ferguson-Smith M, Knudtzon J, Camerino G, Borsani G, Guioli S.A new submicroscopic deletion that refines the 9p region for sex reversal.Genomics. 2000 May 1;65(3):203-12. PMID: 10857744 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Ottolenghi C, Veitia R, Barbieri M, Fellous M, McElreavey K.The human doublesex-related gene, DMRT2, is homologous to a gene involved in somitogenesis and encodes a potential bicistronic transcript.Genomics. 2000 Mar 1;64(2):179-86. PMID: 10729224 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Ottolenghi C, Veitia R, Quintana-Murci L, Torchard D, Scapoli L, Souleyreau-Therville N, Beckmann J, Fellous M, McElreavey K.The region on 9p associated with 46,XY sex reversal contains several transcripts expressed in the urogenital system and a novel doublesex-related domain.Genomics. 2000 Mar 1;64(2):170-8. PMID: 10729223 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]SEX REVERSAL GENE NOT EXPRESSED IN THE FATHER, BUT EXPRESSED IN THE CHILD (SHOWS THAT THE \'EXPRESSION \' OROUTCOME OF A GENE MUTATION IS NOT ALWAYS PREDICTABLE ! ) Imai A, Takagi A, Tamaya T.A novel sex-determining region on Y (SRY) missense mutation identified in a 46,XY female and also in the father.Endocr J. 1999 Oct;46(5):735-9. PMID: 10670762 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Takagi A, Imai A, Tamaya T.A novel sex-determining region on Y (SRY) nonsense mutation identified in a 45,X/47,XYY female.Fertil Steril. 1999 Jul;72(1):167-9. PMID: 10428169 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Vilain E, McCabe ER.Mammalian sex determination: from gonads to brain.Mol Genet Metab. 1998 Oct;65(2):74-84. Review. PMID: 9787099 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Flejter WL, Fergestad J, Gorski J, Varvill T, Chandrasekharappa S.A gene involved in XY sex reversal is located on chromosome 9, distal to marker D9S1779.Am J Hum Genet. 1998 Sep;63(3):794-802. PMID: 9718346 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]REFERS TO ONE STUDY OF 45 SEX-REVERSED XY FEMALESScherer G, Held M, Erdel M, Meschede D, Horst J, Lesniewicz R, Midro AT.Three novel SRY mutations in XY gonadal dysgenesis and the enigma of XY gonadal dysgenesis cases without SRY mutations.Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1998;80(1-4):188-92. PMID: 9678356 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]FIVE SISTERS, TWO OF THEM SEX-REVERSED XY FEMALESHines RS, Tho SP, Zhang YY, Plouffe L Jr, Hansen KA, Khan I, McDonough PG.Paternal somatic and germ-line mosaicism for a sex-determining region on Y (SRY) missense mutation leading to recurrent 46,XY sex reversal.Fertil Steril. 1997 Apr;67(4):675-9. PMID: 9093193 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]EXAMPLES OF ABSTRACTS REGARDING HUMAN SEX-REVERSAL AND XY FEMALE FERTILITY AND PREGNANCY http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12137885&dopt=Abstract1: Fertil Steril. 2002 Aug;78(2):419-20. Successful pregnancy in a patient with a 46,XY karyotype.Selvaraj K, Ganesh V, Selvaraj P.Fertility Research Center, G.G. Hospital, Tamil Nadu, India. kamala@giasmd01.vsnl.net.inOBJECTIVE: To report a case of successful pregnancy in a patient with 46,XY karyotype with primary ovarian failure. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Fertility Research Center, G.G. Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. PATIENT(S): A 27-year-old woman with hypoplastic uterus, normal fallopian tubes on both sides, and gonadal dysgenesis. INTERVENTION(S): Chromosomal analysis, diagnostic laparoscopy, donor oocyte program, gamete intrafallopian transfer, and gonadectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Response to hormone replacement therapy and the probability of achieving a pregnancy by a tubal procedure. RESULT(S): Treatment was successful, and the patient delivered a live baby. CONCLUSION(S): A hypoplastic uterus of patients with the 46,XY karyotype can be stimulated by the use of cyclical steroid therapy to accommodate pregnancy and facilitate tubal procedures in patients with normal fallopian tubes.PMID: 12137885 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11104633&dopt=Abstract 1: Gynecol Oncol. 2000 Dec;79(3):519-21. Related Articles, Links Pregnancy in a woman with a Y chromosome after removal of an ovarian dysgerminoma.Tanaka Y, Fujiwara K, Yamauchi H, Mikami Y, Kohno I.Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki City, Japan.BACKGROUND: It appears to be a general belief that pregnancy might be impossible in women with the XY karyotype. Therefore, it is recommended that patients with dysgerminoma of the ovary associated with the XY karyotype should undergo a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. CASE: We report an extremely rare case of a true hermaphrodite with a 20% 46,XX/80% 46,XY karyotype who became pregnant after removal of an ovarian dysgerminoma. The patient had a completely normal female phenotype. A dysgerminoma with ovotestis was found in the right ovary. Two courses of chemotherapy following a right salpingo-oophorectomy were carried out. Nine months later she became pregnant and delivered a healthy male infant. CONCLUSION: A unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy followed by combination chemotherapy can be the treatment of choice for any woman who wishes to preserve her capacity for conception at the time of operation for dysgerminoma of the ovary. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.PMID: 11104633 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10659926&dopt=Abstract 1: Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2000 Jan;88(1):101-2. Related Articles, Links Subsequent successful pregnancy and delivery after intracytoplasmic sperm injection in a patient with XY gonadal dysgenesisms.Dirnfeld M, Bider D, Abramovicia H, Calderon I, Blumenfeld Z.Carmel Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Technion, Israel.Report of a rare case of subsequent twin delivery after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) into donated oocytes in a 30-year-old woman with a diagnosis of XY dysgenesis, who underwent a gonadectomy at the age of 13 years. Her husband suffers from severe oligo-astheno-terato-spermia.PMID: 10659926 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9262272&dopt=Abstract 1: Hum Reprod. 1997 Jul;12(7):1434-5. Related Articles, Links Two successful pregnancies in a 46,XY patient.Kan AK, Abdalla HI, Oskarsson T.Fertility and Endocrinology Centre, In Vitro Fertilisation Unit, Lister Hospital, London, UK.Two successful pregnancies (singleton followed by twins) following ovum donation/in-vitro fertilization in a 46,XY woman have been studied. Although similar cases have previously been presented: in a pure XY patient and in a 45,X/46,XY patient, this case is one in which a subsequent successful pregnancy has resulted. In such patients, the rate of Caesarean section appears to be increased, and we postulate that the hypoplastic nature of the uterus, although able to respond quite well to both exogenous and endogenous hormones to accept and maintain a pregnancy, may lack the capability to respond fully in labour by dilating appropriately.PMID: 9262272 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3414310&dopt=Abstract 1: Acta Clin Belg. 1988;43(3):231-5. Related Articles, Links A new case of human chimerism detected after pregnancy: 46,XY karyotype in the lymphocytes of a woman.De Moor G, De Bock G, Noens L, De Bie S.PMID: 3414310 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2381633&dopt=Abstract 1: Obstet Gynecol. 1990 Sep;76(3 Pt 2):502-4. Related Articles, Links Multifetal pregnancy in a gonadal dysgenesis mosaic.Bardeguez AD, De Ziegler D, Weiss G.Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark.A successful triplet gestation in a 45,X/46,XY woman is presented. A previously hypoplastic uterus was prepared for implantation by exogenous hormone replacement. Conception was achieved through in vitro fertilization of donor oocytes and transfer of four embryos into a hormonally primed endometrium. This case illustrates that some women with 45,X/46,XY karyotype can have a successful triplet pregnancy. Therefore, a conservative approach during gonadectomy in patients with a Y chromosome may be warranted.PMID: 2381633 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.gendercare.com/library/Page55.htmllibrary J Pediatr Surg 2001 Feb;36(2):397-399 Management of the African child with true hermaphroditism.Wiersma R.Department of Paediatric Surgery, University of Natal, Durban, South Africa.BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: A disproportionally high incidence of true hermaphroditism is seen among the South African black people, constituting 51% of children in local study on all intersex types. These patients were different from the commonly reported patients with true hermaphroditism in that the common gonad was a mixed type of ovotestis, making the management of such patients problematic. The aim of this study was to establish a protocol for the management for children with true hermaphroditism in Southern Africa. METHODS: Seventy-one children, over a 16-year period, were diagnosed with true hermaphroditism. After a decision on the child gender status, part of the management consisted of excision of all discordant and ovotesticular gonadal tissue. The histology of these gonads was then compared with the initial biopsy results. RESULTS: The histology of the initial gonadal biopsies showed that 55% of all gonads were ovotestes, 26% were ovaries, and 19% testes. Thirty-five patients had 44 gonads excised. Comparing the 2 sets of histology showed that the initial histology of the discordant gonads was insufficient to show all the ovotesticular tissue in 22% of gonads. Initial biopsies that showed testicular tissue only were misdiagnosed in 82% of cases. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that, in Southern African true hermaphrodites, all ovotestes, discordant gonads, and all gonads that show only testicular tissue be excised as part of the initial corrective management.PMID: 11172444 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Am J Med Genet 2000 Aug 28;93(5):417-420 Partially deleted SRY gene confined to testicular tissue in a 46,XX true hermaphrodite without SRY in leukocytic DNA.Jimenez AL, Kofman-Alfaro S, Berumen J, Hernandez E, Canto P, Mendez JP, Zenteno JC.Departamento de Genetica, Hospital General de Mexico-Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico, D.F., Mexico.True hermaphroditism is an uncommon form of intersexuality in which testicular and ovarian tissue develop in the same individual. Most true hermaphrodites are 46,XX and lack SRY, the testis-determining gene. We describe results of molecular studies performed in a 46,XX true hermaphrodite SRY-negative in DNA from blood leukocytes but SRY-positive in DNA obtained from the testicular portion of the ovotestis. Surprisingly, the SRY identified in gonadal DNA carries a partial deletion at the 5 \' end of the gene. Our patient is the first case of a naturally occurring deletion within the SRY ORF (with a normal HMG box) and provides a new explanation for the abnormal gonadal development observed in 46,XX true hermaphrodites. Copyright 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.PMID: 10951467 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1998 Jul;11(4):519-524 True hermaphrodites in the southeastern region of Brazil: a different cytogenetic and gonadal profile.Guerra Junior G, de Mello MP, Assumpcao JG, Morcillo AM, Marini SH, Baptista MT, Paiva e Silva RB, Marques-de-Faria AP, Maciel-Guerra AT.Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.Sex ambiguity may be due to several disorders of gonadal differentiation, including true hermaphroditism (TH), as well as male and female pseudohermaphroditism. Although TH is a rare cause of intersex in Europe and North America, in Africa it presents one of the highest frequencies. The 46,XX karyotype has been found in the majority of the reported patients (70.6%), and aberrations in the sex chromosomes have been observed in about 22% of the cases. The 46,XY karyotype has been described as less frequent. Herein we describe ten cases of TH which have been diagnosed over the last 7 years, six lateral TH, two unilateral TH, and two cases of ovotestes with absent contralateral gonad. From a total of 18 gonads analyzed, there were 8 testes, 6 ovaries and 4 ovotestes. Nine subjects had originally a male sex assignment, and in three cases this was reverted to female. Four cases had a 46,XY karyotype. Additional sex chromosome aberrations had been found in four different cases [two 46,XX/46,XY, one 45,X/47,XYY, one 46,X,del(Yq)]. A 46,XX karyotype was found in only two individuals, and both were SRY negative. Our preliminary data, especially on the constitution of chromosomes and gonads, indicate marked differences from those in the literature.PMID: 9777572 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Am J Hum Genet 1998 Apr;62(4):937-940 Polymorphic detection of a parthenogenetic maternal and double paternal contribution to a 46,XX/46,XY hermaphrodite.Giltay JC, Brunt T, Beemer FA, Wit JM, van Amstel HK, Pearson PL, Wijmenga C.Department of Human Genetics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Giltay@pobox.ruu.nlTrue hermaphroditism in humans usually is associated with a 46,XX karyotype or with mosaicism in which admixtures of cells with an XX and an XY karyotype are seen. However, the mechanisms that cause such mosaicisms are poorly understood. To date, with rare exceptions, analyses of hermaphrodites have been limited mostly to cytogenetic investigations. In this report, we describe a 5-year-old patient with true hermaphroditism and a 46,XX/46,XY karyotype (ratio 38:12) in lymphocytes, suggesting involvement of two fertilization events. Microsatellite DNA polymorphisms distributed throughout the genome were analyzed, to investigate the origin of the cell lines concerned. The results are consistent with double paternal and single maternal genetic contributions. Possible mechanisms that would explain these findings are discussed. The most likely mechanism involves a single haploid ovum dividing parthenogenetically into two haploid ova, followed by double fertilization and fusion of the two zygotes into a single individual, at the early embryonic stage.PMID: 9529354 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] J Med Genet 1998 Jan;35(1):17-22 An autosomal or X linked mutation results in true hermaphrodites and 46,XX males in the same family.Slaney SF, Chalmers IJ, Affara NA, Chitty LS.Mothercare Unit of Clinical Genetics and Fetal Medicine, Institute of Child Health, London, UK.It is now well established that the differentiation of the primitive gonad into the testis during early human embryonic development depends on the presence of the SRY gene. However, the existence of total or partial sex reversal in 46,XX males with genetic mutations not linked to the Y chromosome suggests that several autosomal genes acting in association with SRY may contribute to normal development of the male phenotype. We report a family in which four related 46,XX subjects with no evidence of Y chromosome DNA sequences underwent variable degrees of male sexual differentiation. One 46,XX male had apparently normal male external genitalia whereas his brother and two cousins had various degrees of sexual ambiguity and were found to be 46,XX true hermaphrodites. The presence of male sexual development in genetic females with transmission through normal male and female parents indicates that the critical genetic defect is most likely to be an autosomal dominant mutation, the different phenotypic effects arising from variable penetrance. Other autosomal loci have been implicated in male sexual development but the genetic mechanisms involved are unknown. In this family there may be an \"activating \" mutation which mimics the initiating role of the SRY gene in 46,XX subjects.PMID: 9475089 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Braz J Med Biol Res 1996 Jun;29(6):743-748 Molecular analysis of sex determination in sex-reversed and true hermaphroditism.Copelli SB, Bergada C, Billerbeck AE, Goldberg AC, Kalil J, Damiani D, Targovnik HM.Catedra de Genetica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.The SRY (sex region of Y) gene determines testis formation but not all cases of sex reversal in humans can be explained by alterations in this gene. We studied one 46,XY female, four 46,XX males, and nine true hermaphrodites (TH): three with an XY and six with an XX chromosomal constitution. The SRY gene was identified in the XX males and the TH with a Y chromosome but was not demonstrated in the XY female and the six XX TH. The Y-heterochromatin region was also identified in one 46,XX male, indicating a low grade mosaicism undetected by cytogenetics. The amplification of the amelogenin gene showed the presence of a 977-bp band that belongs to the short arm of chromosome X in all patients but the absence of a 780-bp band of the short arm of chromosome Y in three 46,XX males and in all the 46,XX TH. These studies demonstrate that the molecular study of sex-reversed patients and TH will help to understand the complex mechanisms of sex determination. The SRY gene is involved but other genes on the X chromosome and autosomes still remain to be studied.PMID: 9070386 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Am J Med Genet 1996 May 17;63(2):348-355 Molecular analysis in true hermaphrodites with different karyotypes and similar phenotypes.Torres L, Lopez M, Mendez JP, Canto P, Cervantes A, Alfaro G, Perez-Palacios G, Erickson RP, Kofman-Alfaro S.Servicio Genetica, H.G.M. Ssa. Facultad de Medicina, U.N.A.M., Mexico, D.F., Mexico.True hermaphroditism is characterized by the development of ovarian and testicular tissue in the same individual. Mullerian and Wolffian structures are usually present, and external genitalia are often ambiguous. The most frequent karyotype in these patients is 46,XX or various forms of mosaicism, whereas 46,XY is very rarely found. The phenotype in all these subjects is similar. We studied 10 true hermaphrodites. Six of them had a 46,XX chromosomal complement: 3 had been reared as males and 3 as females. The other 4 patients were mosaics: 3 were 46,XX/46,XY and one had a 46,XX/47,XXY karyotype. One of the 46,XX/46,XY mosaics was reared as a female, whereas the other 3 mosaics were reared as males. The sex of assignment in the 10 patients depended only on labio-scrotal differentiation. Molecular studies in 46,XX subjects documented the absence of Y centromeric sequences in all cases, arguing against hidden mosaicism. One patient presented Yp sequences (ZFY+, SRY+), which contrast with South African black 46,XX true hermaphrodites in whom no Y sequences were found. Molecular analysis in the subjects with mosaicism demonstrated the presence of Y centromeric and Yp sequences confirming the presence of a Y chromosome. Gonadal development, endocrine function, and phenotype in the 10 patients did not correlate with the presence of a Y chromosome or Y-derived sequences in the genome, confirming that true hermaphroditism is a heterogeneous condition.PMID: 8725784 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Hum Genet 1996 May;97(5):596-598 SRY-negative true hermaphrodites and an XX male in two generations of the same family.Ramos ES, Moreira-Filho CA, Vicente YA, Llorach-Velludo MA, Tucci S Jr, Duarte MH, Araujo AG, Martelli L.Departamento de Genetica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.Two 46,XX true hermaphrodites and one XX male without genital ambiguities are reported. They coexist in two generations of the same pedigree, with paternal transmission and in the absence of SRY (sex-determining region, Y chromosome). These familial cases provide evidence to support the hypothesis that these disorders are alternative manifestations of the same genetic defect, probably an autosomal dominant mutation (with incomplete penetrance) or an X-linked mutation (limited by the presence of the Y chromosome).PMID: 8655137 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Am J Med Genet 1995 Jan 2;55(1):53-56 XX true hermaphroditism in southern African blacks: exclusion of SRY sequences and uniparental disomy of the X chromosome.Spurdle AB, Shankman S, Ramsay M.Department of Human Genetics, South African Institute for Medical Research, Johannesburg.A molecular investigation of 16 Bantu-speaking Black XX true hermaphrodites was undertaken in an attempt to determine the cause of the disorder. Y-specific sequences, including sequences mapping to the sex-determining region of the Y, were shown to be absent from lymphocyte tissue of all 16 patients tested. Y chromosome sequences were also absent from the ovarian and testicular components of both ovotestes of a single XX true hermaphrodite, thus excluding gonadal mosaicism involving Y chromosome sequences. Since there is evidence for Xp genes involved in testis determination/differentiation, uniparental disomy of the X chromosome was investigated in 14 XXTH families. Uniparental disomy was excluded in 12 of the 14 families, and isodisomy was excluded in the remaining two cases.PMID: 7702097 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] CONCLUSIONS FROMTHE LONGEST STUDY ON SEX HORMONES, THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR (PARTIAL ABSTRACT ONLY)Balthazart J, Tlemcani O, Ball GF.Do sex differences in the brain explain sex differences in the hormonal induction of reproductive behavior? What 25 years of research on the Japanese quail tells us.Horm Behav. 1996 Dec;30(4):627-61. Review. PMID: 9047287 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]SEX-REVERSAL IN OTHER SPECIESSOME ANIMAL SPECIES HAVE REPRODUCTIVELY SUCCESSFUL XY FEMALES ! ALSO AMONG THE ABSTRACTS BELOW, YOU WILL FIND RESEARCHRELEVANT TOSEX-SIGNALING-RESPONSES AND SAME-SEX-PAIRING STUDIES. SOME NLM PubMedSEARCH RESULTS...SOME MORE EXAMPLES 1: Park EH, Taketo T. Related Articles, Links Onset and Progress of Meiotic Prophase in the Oocytes in the B6.YTIR Sex-Reversed Mouse Ovary.Biol Reprod. 2003 Aug 6 [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 12904311 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] 2: Vaillant S, Guemene D, Dorizzi M, Pieau C, Richard-Mercier N, Brillard JP. Related Articles, Links Degree of sex reversal as related to plasma steroid levels in genetic female chickens (Gallus domesticus) treated with Fadrozole.Mol Reprod Dev. 2003 Aug;65(4):420-8. PMID: 12840815 [PubMed - in process] 5: Nanda I, Hornung U, Kondo M, Schmid M, Schartl M. Related Articles, Links Common spontaneous sex-reversed XX males of the medaka Oryzias latipes.Genetics. 2003 Jan;163(1):245-51. PMID: 12586712 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 6: Bugno M, Klukowska J, Slota E, Tischner M, Switonski M. Related Articles, Links A sporadic case of the sex-reversed mare (64,XY; SRY-negative): molecular and cytogenetic studies of the Y chromosome.Theriogenology. 2003 Apr 1;59(7):1597-603. PMID: 12559464 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 7: Smith CA, Katz M, Sinclair AH. Related Articles, Links DMRT1 is upregulated in the gonads during female-to-male sex reversal in ZW chicken embryos.Biol Reprod. 2003 Feb;68(2):560-70. PMID: 12533420 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 8: Shimasaki Y, Kitano T, Oshima Y, Inoue S, Imada N, Honjo T. Related Articles, Links Tributyltin causes masculinization in fish.Environ Toxicol Chem. 2003 Jan;22(1):141-4. PMID: 12503757 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 9: Bianchi NO. Related Articles, Links Akodon sex reversed females: the never ending story.Cytogenet Genome Res. 2002;96(1-4):60-5. PMID: 12438781 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 12: Kirankumar S, Pandian TJ. Related Articles, Links Effect on growth and reproduction of hormone immersed and masculinized fighting fish Betta splendens.J Exp Zool. 2002 Nov 1;293(6):606-16. PMID: 12410610 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 13: Bakker J, Honda S, Harada N, Balthazart J. Related Articles, Links Sexual partner preference requires a functional aromatase (cyp19) gene in male mice.Horm Behav. 2002 Sep;42(2):158-71. PMID: 12367569 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 14: Shibata K, Takase M, Nakamura M. Related Articles, Links The Dmrt1 expression in sex-reversed gonads of amphibians.Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2002 Jul;127(3):232-41. PMID: 12225764 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 15: Quillet E, Aubard G, Queau I. Related Articles, Links Mutation in a sex-determining gene in rainbow trout: detection and genetic analysis.J Hered. 2002 Mar-Apr;93(2):91-9. PMID: 12140268 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 16: Milnes MR Jr, Roberts RN, Guillette LJ Jr. Related Articles, Links Effects of incubation temperature and estrogen exposure on aromatase activity in the brain and gonads of embryonic alligators.Environ Health Perspect. 2002 Jun;110 Suppl 3:393-6. PMID: 12060834 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 17: Pailhoux E, Vigier B, Vaiman D, Servel N, Chaffaux S, Cribiu EP, Cotinot C. Related Articles, Links Ontogenesis of female-to-male sex-reversal in XX polled goats.Dev Dyn. 2002 May;224(1):39-50. PMID: 11984872 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 18: Pailhoux E, Mandon-Pepin B, Cotinot C. Related Articles, Links Mammalian gonadal differentiation: the pig model.Reprod Suppl. 2001;58:65-80. Review. PMID: 11980203 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 19: Lund TD, West TW, Tian LY, Bu LH, Simmons DL, Setchell KD, Adlercreutz H, Lephart ED. Related Articles, Links Visual spatial memory is enhanced in female rats (but inhibited in males) by dietary soy phytoestrogens.BMC Neurosci. 2001;2(1):20. Epub 2001 Dec 17. PMID: 11801187 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 20: Renfree MB, Coveney D, Shaw G. Related Articles, Links The influence of estrogen on the developing male marsupial.Reprod Fertil Dev. 2001;13(4):231-40. Review. PMID: 11800162 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 21: Schelling C, Pienkowska A, Arnold S, Hauser B, Switonski M. Related Articles, Links A male to female sex-reversed dog with a reciprocal translocation.J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 2001;57:435-8. PMID: 11787187 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 22: Vaillant S, Dorizzi M, Pieau C, Richard-Mercier N. Related Articles, Links Sex reversal and aromatase in chicken.J Exp Zool. 2001 Dec 1;290(7):727-40. PMID: 11748621 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 23: Pailhoux E, Vigier B, Vaiman D, Schibler L, Vaiman A, Cribiu E, Nezer C, Georges M, Sundstrom J, Pelliniemi LJ, Fellous M, Cotinot C. Related Articles, Links Contribution of domestic animals to the identification of new genes involved in sex determination.J Exp Zool. 2001 Dec 1;290(7):700-8. PMID: 11748618 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 26: Pailhoux E, Parma P, Sundstrom J, Vigier B, Servel N, Kuopio T, Locatelli A, Pelliniemi LJ, Cotinot C. Related Articles, Links Time course of female-to-male sex reversal in 38,XX fetal and postnatal pigs.Dev Dyn. 2001 Nov;222(3):328-40. PMID: 11747069 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 27: Vaillant S, Magre S, Dorizzi M, Pieau C, Richard-Mercier N. Related Articles, Links Expression of AMH, SF1, and SOX9 in gonads of genetic female chickens during sex reversal induced by an aromatase inhibitor.Dev Dyn. 2001 Oct;222(2):228-37. PMID: 11668600 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 28: Belaid B, Richard-Mercier N, Pieau C, Dorizzi M. Related Articles, Links Sex reversal and aromatase in the European pond turtle: treatment with letrozole after the thermosensitive period for sex determination.J Exp Zool. 2001 Sep 15;290(5):490-7. PMID: 11555856 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 29: Coveney D, Shaw G, Renfree MB. Related Articles, Links Estrogen-induced gonadal sex reversal in the tammar wallaby.Biol Reprod. 2001 Aug;65(2):613-21. PMID: 11466233 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 30: Papoulias DM, Noltie DB, Tillitt DE. Related Articles, Links Effects of methyl testosterone exposure on sexual differentiation in medaka, Oryzias latipes.Mar Environ Res. 2000 Jul-Dec;50(1-5):181-4. PMID: 11460688 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 31: Tsang TE, Khoo PL, Jamieson RV, Zhou SX, Ang SL, Behringer R, Tam PP. Related Articles, Links The allocation and differentiation of mouse primordial germ cells.Int J Dev Biol. 2001;45(3 Spec No):549-55. PMID: 11417898 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 34: Agulnik AI, Harrison WR, Bishop CE. Related Articles, Links Smcy transgene does not rescue spermatogenesis in sex-reversed mice.Mamm Genome. 2001 Feb;12(2):112-6. PMID: 11210179 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 36: Nagler JJ, Bouma J, Thorgaard GH, Dauble DD. Related Articles, Links High incidence of a male-specific genetic marker in phenotypic female chinook salmon from the Columbia River.Environ Health Perspect. 2001 Jan;109(1):67-9. PMID: 11171527 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 37: Adkins-Regan E, Wade J. Related Articles, Links Masculinized sexual partner preference in female zebra finches with sex-reversed gonads.Horm Behav. 2001 Feb;39(1):22-8. PMID: 11161880 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 38: Dournon C, Membre H, Bautz A. Related Articles, Links Sex reversal of germ cell gametogenesis in chimeras of Pleurodeles waltl (urodele amphibian): genetic and immunogenetic demonstration using tolerance or rejection of skin grafts.Dev Growth Differ. 2001 Feb;43(1):97-106. PMID: 11148455 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 39: Scholz S, Gutzeit HO. Related Articles, Links 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol affects reproduction, sexual differentiation and aromatase gene expression of the medaka (Oryzias latipes).Aquat Toxicol. 2000 Oct 1;50(4):363-373. PMID: 10967398 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] 40: Wong J, Luckers L, Okawara Y, Pelletier R, Taketo T. Related Articles, Links Follicular development and atresia in the B6.Y(TIR) sex-reversed mouse ovary.Biol Reprod. 2000 Sep;63(3):756-62. PMID: 10952917 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 41: Stavnezer AJ, McDowell CS, Hyde LA, Bimonte HA, Balogh SA, Hoplight BJ, Denenberg VH. Related Articles, Links Spatial ability of XY sex-reversed female mice.Behav Brain Res. 2000 Jul;112(1-2):135-43. PMID: 10862944 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 44: Fagundes V, Christoff AU, Scalzi-Martin J, Hozier J, Moreira-Filho CA, Yonenaga-Yassuda Y. Related Articles, Links X;Y translocation revealed by chromosome microdissection and FISH in fertile XY females in the Brazilian rodent Akodon montensis.Cytogenet Cell Genet. 2000;88(1-2):124-9. PMID: 10773685 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 45: Kitano T, Takamune K, Nagahama Y, Abe SI. Related Articles, Links Aromatase inhibitor and 17alpha-methyltestosterone cause sex-reversal from genetical females to phenotypic males and suppression of P450 aromatase gene expression in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).Mol Reprod Dev. 2000 May;56(1):1-5. PMID: 10737961 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 48: Hubler M, Hauser B, Meyers-Wallen VN, Arnold S. Related Articles, Links Sry-negative XX true hermaphrodite in a Basset hound.Theriogenology. 1999 May;51(7):1391-403. PMID: 10729102 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 49: Amleh A, Smith L, Chen H, Taketo T. Related Articles, Links Both nuclear and cytoplasmic components are defective in oocytes of the B6.Y(TIR) sex-reversed female mouse.Dev Biol. 2000 Mar 15;219(2):277-86. PMID: 10694422 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 52: Kitano T, Takamune K, Kobayashi T, Nagahama Y, Abe SI. Related Articles, Links Suppression of P450 aromatase gene expression in sex-reversed males produced by rearing genetically female larvae at a high water temperature during a period of sex differentiation in the Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).J Mol Endocrinol. 1999 Oct;23(2):167-76. PMID: 10514554 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 53: Suzuki S. Related Articles, Links Androgenic gland hormone is a sex-reversing factor but cannot be a sex-determining factor in the female crustacean isopods Armadillidium vulgare.Gen Comp Endocrinol. 1999 Sep;115(3):370-8. PMID: 10480988 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 54: Parma P, Pailhoux E, Cotinot C. Related Articles, Links Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of genes involved in gonadal differentiation in pigs.Biol Reprod. 1999 Sep;61(3):741-8. PMID: 10456852 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 55: Krisfalusi M, Cloud JG. Related Articles, Links Gonadal sex reversal in triploid rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).J Exp Zool. 1999 Sep 1;284(4):466-72. PMID: 10451424 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 56: Wennstrom KL, Blesius F, Crews D. Related Articles, Links Volumetric analysis of sexually dimorphic limbic nuclei in normal and sex-reversed whiptail lizards.Brain Res. 1999 Aug 14;838(1-2):104-9. PMID: 10446322 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 59: Sheehan DM, Willingham E, Gaylor D, Bergeron JM, Crews D. Related Articles, Links No threshold dose for estradiol-induced sex reversal of turtle embryos: how little is too much?Environ Health Perspect. 1999 Feb;107(2):155-9. PMID: 9924012 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 60: Jimenez R, Burgos M. Related Articles, Links Mammalian sex determination: joining pieces of the genetic puzzle.Bioessays. 1998 Sep;20(9):696-9. Review. PMID: 9819558 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 61: Vilain E, McCabe ER. Related Articles, Links Mammalian sex determination: from gonads to brain.Mol Genet Metab. 1998 Oct;65(2):74-84. Review. PMID: 9787099 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 64: Jamieson RV, Zhou SX, Wheatley SC, Koopman P, Tam PP. Related Articles, Links Sertoli cell differentiation and Y-chromosome activity: a developmental study of X-linked transgene activity in sex-reversed X/XSxra mouse embryos.Dev Biol. 1998 Jul 15;199(2):235-44. PMID: 9698443 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 67: Nagamine CM, Capehart J, Carlisle C, Chang D. Related Articles, Links Ovotestes in B6-XXSxr sex-reversed mice.Dev Biol. 1998 Apr 1;196(1):24-32. PMID: 9527878 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 69: Wallace H, Wallace BM, Badawy GM. Related Articles, Links Lampbrush chromosomes and chiasmata of sex-reversed crested newts.Chromosoma. 1997 Dec;106(8):526-33. PMID: 9426285 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 70: Amleh A, Taketo T. Related Articles, Links Live-borns from XX but not XY oocytes in the chimeric mouse ovary composed of B6.Y(TIR) and XX cells.Biol Reprod. 1998 Feb;58(2):574-82. PMID: 9475416 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 72: Hunt PA, Worthman C, Levinson H, Stallings J, LeMaire R, Mroz K, Park C, Handel MA. Related Articles, Links Germ cell loss in the XXY male mouse: altered X-chromosome dosage affects prenatal development.Mol Reprod Dev. 1998 Feb;49(2):101-11. PMID: 9444653 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 73: Abinawanto, Zhang C, Saito N, Matsuda Y, Shimada K. Related Articles, Links Identification of sperm-bearing female-specific chromosome in the sex-reversed chicken.J Exp Zool. 1998 Jan 1;280(1):65-72. PMID: 9437853 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 74: Vanderhyden BC, Macdonald EA, Merchant-Larios H, Fernandez A, Amleh A, Nasseri R, Taketo T. Related Articles, Links Interactions between the oocyte and cumulus cells in the ovary of the B6.Y(TIR) sex-reversed female mouse.Biol Reprod. 1997 Sep;57(3):641-6. PMID: 9283002 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 75: Reddy PP, Papenhausen PR, Suh YM, Riddick LM, Calvano CJ, Mandell J. Related Articles, Links XX sex reversal: molecular analysis of the SRY/ZFY regions.J Urol. 1997 Sep;158(3 Pt 2):1305-7. PMID: 9258201 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 76: Pask A, Toder R, Wilcox SA, Camerino G, Graves JA. Related Articles, Links The candidate sex-reversing DAX1 gene is autosomal in marsupials: implications for the evolution of sex determination in mammals.Genomics. 1997 May 1;41(3):422-6. PMID: 9169141 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 78: Williams J, Partington BP, Smith B, Hedlund CS, Law JM. Related Articles, Links Pyovagina and stump pyometra in a neutered XX sex-reversed beagle: a case report.J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1997 Jan-Feb;33(1):83-90. PMID: 8974032 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 80: Amleh A, Ledee N, Saeed J, Taketo T. Related Articles, Links Competence of oocytes from the B6.YDOM sex-reversed female mouse for maturation, fertilization, and embryonic development in vitro.Dev Biol. 1996 Sep 15;178(2):263-75. PMID: 8812128 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE","null","null","");arrFiles[3]=new Array("http://www.gendercare.com/library/tipslibrary11.html","Selection 11 - Kula important paper about gender identity differentiation...Aromatization of T in the brain... ","Library Selection 11 - Kula important paper.... and T Aromatization in the brain... Library Selection 1 - Kruijver et al,2000 and others Abstracts and Free Full Papers Library Selection 2 - Aphallia & Sissyboys Library Selection 3 - Transsexual Hormone Therapy (HRT) Library Selection 4 - Hormones and the primate Brain... humans and non humans... USA studies. Library Selection 5 - FtM Transsexual, Aphallia & Micropenis Library Selection 6 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Transgenders and Crossdressers Library Selection 7 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Torres & Jurberg Hypothesis Library Selection 8 - SF-1 and DAX-1 papers Library Selection 9 - Dörner....and the brain sexual differentiation	Library Selection 10 - Imperato_McGinley...and T action for the gender identity masculinization Library Selection 11 - Kula important paper.... and T Aromatization in the brain...	Library Selection 12 - Bhakti Ananda Goswami & Wal Torres ... and the Copernican	revolution of man and woman definition	See here some scientific abstracts from Medline.	Access Medline Abstracts and Papers yourself directly.	See below some wonderful paper abstracts and sometimes FREE FULL PAPERS!.	Kula wrote a very important Polish paper, is a summary of what	we know	about the brain differentiation and gender identity. We know a little bit more than	that, we think, about transsexuality, he do not says nothing about....but all he says	is very helpfull as a summary.	1: Przegl Lek. 2000;57(1):41-4. Related Articles,Links [Sexual differentiation of the human brain][Article in Polish]Kula K, Slowikowska-Hilczer J.Samodzielna Pracownia Andrologii i Endokrynologii Plodnosci, Centrum Ksztalcenia Klinicznego Europejskiej, Akademii Andrologii, Akademii Medycznej w Lodzi.Normal human development requires the compatibility between genetic sex (sex chromosomes), sex of gonades (tests or ovaries), genitalia (external and internal sex organs), somatic features (body characteristics) and psychic sex. The psychic sex, called frequently gender, consist of gender identity (self-estimation), gender role (objective estimation) and sexual orientation (hetero- or homosexual). It was believed that the psychic gender depends only on socio-environmental influences such as rearing, learning and individual choice. Although, the process of sexual differentiation of human brain is not completely elucidated, it has became recently evident that endogenous hormones more then socio-environmental factors influence gender differences. Experimental studies on animals revealed that transient action of sex steroids during perinatal period of life is crucial for the dymorphism of sexual behavior (male or female) in adulthood. It seems, that also in the human male neonates testosterone produced by testes perinatally takes the main role in the irreversible masculinization of the brain i.e. creation of the differences vs. female brain. The evaluation of patients with disturbances of sexual differentiation of external genitalia (the lack of the testosterone transformation into 5-alpha dihydrotestosterone in peripheral tissues of men or the inborn excess of androgens in women with the congenital adrenal hyperplasia) has served as a useful clinical model for understanding factors, affecting the formation of gender. In these individuals the formal sex established according to genetic sex and somatic sex may be incompatible with gender identity and role. However, it has been found that the female gender identity is most frequently associated with the presence of ovaries or the lack of gonads (gonadal dysgenesis), while the male gender identity appear most frequently in the presence of testicular tissue irrespective of female or hermaphrodite (intersex) phenotype. In genetic men with the absence of male genitalia formation, caused by the aberrant function of androgen receptor, the gender identity depends on the severity of the disorder: female gender identity in the complete androgen insensitivity syndrome and female or male gender identity in the complete androgen insensitivity syndrome and female or male in the partial androgen insensitivity. These clinical observations confirm the experimental data indicating androgen role in the male gender identity creation. This knowledge is necessary for the decision of the direction of surgical correction of sex organs in children with ambiguous genitalia, which should not depend on the expected efficiency to perform sexual intercourse, but mostly on the expected or already present individual gender identity.Publication Types:ReviewReview, TutorialPMID: 10907369 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Apr;12(1):173-89. Related Articles,Links Abnormal sexual development and psychosexual issues.Hines M.Department of Psychology, City University, London, UK.Animal models of gonadal hormone influences on the sexual differentiation of brain and behaviour are reviewed and discussed as a basis for predicting hormonal influences on human neurobehavioural development. Behavioural outcomes in clinical intersex cases, including congenital adrenal hyperplasia, androgen insensitivity syndrome, enzymatic deficiencies and situations in which hormones have been prescribed during pregnancy are reviewed. It is concluded that the prenatal or neonatal hormone environment contributes to the development of human behaviours that show sex differences, particularly childhood play behaviour, sexual orientation and core gender identity. There also is some evidence for influences on aggression and cognition. It is also concluded that additional research is needed to determine why some intersex patients assigned and reared as girls are not successful in this identity and role.Publication Types:ReviewReview, TutorialPMID: 9890068 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Apr;15(4):423-30. Related Articles,Links Etiology, clinical profile, gender identity and long-term follow up of patients with ambiguous genitalia in India.Ammini AC, Gupta R, Kapoor A, Karak A, Kriplani A, Gupta DK, Kucheria K.Department of Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. ammini@medinst.ernet.inThere is little information on the profile of children with ambiguous genitalia in India. Presented here is an analysis of patients with ambiguous genitalia registered in a general endocrine clinic during the last 2 decades. Seventy-four patients (age 4 months to 36 years) were registered during this period. Fifty-two were more than 5 years old at the time of registration. Thirty-five were reared as females, 29 as males; nine children (4 months to 1 year old) were brought for sex assignment, and one (with epispadias) was brought for correction of urinary incontinence. Investigations revealed 28 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 14 dysgenetic male pseudohermaphroditism, ten true hermaphroditism, six partial androgen insensitivity, four castration and one epispadias. There were eight patients with perineal hypospadias with normal Leydig cell reserve (normal LH, FSH and testosterone response to LHRH). Sex of rearing and gender identity were concordant in all except the patients with perineal hypospadias with normal Leydig cell response. These observations support the theory that prenatal androgen exposure masculinizes the brain.PMID: 12008689 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]	Some very important papers showing the aromatization of T in the brain basal areas (hypothalamus and amygdalas), and its relation with agressivity and male sexual behavior in primates, non primates, and other species.	1: J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1999;54:259-69. Related Articles,Links Sexual behaviour of rams: male orientation and its endocrine correlates.Resko JA, Perkins A, Roselli CE, Stellflug JN, Stormshak FK.Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201-3098, USA.The components of heterosexual behaviour in rams are reviewed as a basis for understanding partner preference behaviour. A small percentage of rams will not mate with oestrous females and if given a choice will display courtship behaviour towards another ram in preference to a female. Some of the endocrine profiles of these male-oriented rams differ from those of heterosexual controls. These differences include reduced serum concentrations of testosterone, oestradiol and oestrone, reduced capacity to produce testosterone in vitro, and reduced capacity to aromatize androgens in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamus of the brain. Our observation that aromatase activity is significantly lower in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area of male-oriented rams than in female-oriented rams may indicate an important neurochemical link to sexual behaviour that should be investigated. The defect in steroid hormone production by the adult testes of the male-oriented ram may represent a defect that can be traced to the fetal testes. If this contention is correct, partner preference behaviour of rams may also be traceable to fetal development and represent a phenomenon of sexual differentiation.Publication Types:ReviewReview, TutorialPMID: 10692860 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1991;40(4-6):673-8. Related Articles,Links Testosterone metabolism in brain cells and membranes.Celotti F, Melcangi RC, Negri-Cesi P, Poletti A.Institute of Endocrinology, University of Milan, Italy.The central nervous system (CNS) is considered a target structure for the action of all the classes of hormonal steroids produced by the organism. Well-characterized genomic and less well-understood membrane mechanisms of action are probably involved in the steroid modulation of brain activities. Moreover, some classes of steroids need to be converted into \"active \" metabolites before interacting with their effector systems. In particular, testosterone (T) exerts many of its effects after conversion to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estrogens. The CNS possesses both the 5 alpha-reductase, the enzyme which produces DHT and the aromatase which transforms T into estrogens; however, the relative role and distribution of these enzymes in the various structural components of the CNS has not been clarified so far. The 5 alpha-reductase has been found to be present in high concentrations in brain white matter structures because these are particularly rich in myelin membranes, to which the enzymatic activity appears to be associated. This membrane localization might suggest a possible involvement of steroidal 5 alpha-reduced metabolites in membrane-mediated events in the CNS. Moreover, the distribution of 5 alpha-reductase was studied in neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes isolated from the brain of male rats by density gradient ultracentrifugation, as well as in neurons and glial cells grown in culture. The aromatase activity was also evaluated in neurons and glial cells grown in culture and in isolated oligodendrocytes. Among the three cell types isolated, neurons appear to be more active than oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, respectively, in converting T into DHT. Also, in cell culture experiments, neurons are more active in forming DHT than glial cells. Only neurons possess aromatase activity, while glial cells are apparently unable to aromatize T.PMID: 1958565 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2001 Dec;79(1-5):247-53. Related Articles,Links Cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19) in the non-human primate brain: distribution, regulation, and functional significance.Roselli CE, Resko JA.Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97201-3098, USA. rosellic@ohsu.eduIn adult male primates, estrogens play a role in both gonadotropin feedback and sexual behavior. Inhibition of aromatization in intact male monkeys acutely elevates serum levels of luteinizing hormone, an effect mediated, at least partially, within the brain. High levels of aromatase (CYP19) are present in the monkey brain and regulated by androgens in regions thought to be involved in the central regulation of reproduction. Androgens regulate aromatase pretranslationally and androgen receptor activation is correlated with the induction of aromatase activity. Aromatase and androgen receptor mRNAs display both unique and overlapping distributions within the hypothalamus and limbic system suggesting that androgens and androgen-derived estrogens regulate complimentary and interacting genes within many neural networks. Long-term castrated monkeys, like men, exhibit an estrogen-dependent neural deficit that could be an underlying cause of the insensitivity to testosterone that develops in states of chronic androgen deficiency. Future studies of in situ estrogen formation in brain in the primate model are important for understanding the importance of aromatase not only for reproduction, but also for neural functions such as memory and cognition that appear to be modulated by estrogens.PMID: 11850231 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Endocrinology. 1998 Apr;139(4):2179-89. Related Articles,Links Identification of multiple CYP19 genes encoding different cytochrome P450 aromatase isozymes in brain and ovary.Tchoudakova A, Callard GV.Department of Biology, Boston University, Massachusetts 02215, USA.Evidence to date indicates that the gene encoding cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom) in humans is a single member of the CYPl9 family, but multiple CYPl9 loci and isoforms have been identified in pigs. Here we report the cloning and characterization of a second member of the CYP19 family in goldfish. A search for P450arom variants was prompted by studies showing that a full-length P450arom complementary DNA (cDNA) isolated from a goldfish brain cDNA library hybridizes with a high abundance 3 kb transcript in brain RNA but fails to detect a message in ovarian RNA. A stepwise PCR cloning strategy led to isolation of a 1.9-kb cDNA, which encodes a protein of 518 amino acids and has a predicted mol wt of 58.7K. The ovary-derived P450arom (-A) shares 68-72% sequence identity with ovarian aromatases of other fish species, but only 62% identity with the homologous brain-derived P450arom (-B). Amino acid differences are distributed throughout the two goldfish P450arom forms, but presumptive functional domains are highly conserved. Both P450aromA and -B are able to aromatize [3H]androgen to [3H]estrogen when expressed in nonsteroidogenic COS cells. Southern analysis and PCR-restriction analysis of genomic DNA using discriminating probes and primers indicates that a single locus encodes the brain-derived P450aromB (CYPl9B), whereas one or two different loci encode the ovarian form (CYPl9A). Northern blot analysis revealed two P450aromA messenger RNAs (1.9 >> 3.0 kb) in ovary. Simultaneous PCR amplification with A- and B-specific primer pairs confirms that P450aromA is the only form expressed in ovaries, but shows overlapping expression of the two genes in neural tissues. Whereas P450aromB messenger RNA predominates in brain (B/A, approximately 14:1), the ratios are reversed in retina (B/A, approximately 1:25). Further studies are required to resolve the evolutionary and functional implications of multiple CYPl9 genes and P450arom isozymes in goldfish, their differential expression in brain and ovary, and whether observations can be generalized to other vertebrates.PMID: 9529008 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Endocrinology. 1982 Aug;111(2):522-9. Related Articles,Links Changes in aromatase activity in the rat brain during embryonic, neonatal, and infantile development.George FW, Ojeda SR.We assessed the activity of the aromatase enzyme complex in slices of brain from rats by measuring the release of 3H2O from [1 beta-3H]testosterone. In hypothalami from 12-day-old rats, the rate of aromatase activity was linear with time and amount of tissue. The reaction was saturated at a substrate concentration of 0.1 microM, and the apparent Km of the reaction was 27 nM. The production of 3H2O was inhibited by 4-hydroxyandrostenedione, with an apparent Ki of 20 nM. Aromatase activity was first detected in the diencephalon of 16-day-old fetuses and reached maximum rates in hypothalamic tissue between days 18 and 20 of gestation. The highest rate of activity per mg protein (approximately 4.8 pmol h-1 mg protein-1) was observed in the preoptic area (POA) on the 20th day of embryonic development. However, when expressed as a rate per tissue fragment, aromatase activity was as high in the medial basal hypothalamus as in the POA. After day 20 of gestation aromatase activity rapidly decreased in the POA and medial basal hypothalamus of both males and females. The lowest levels were observed between postnatal days 16 and 20. Aromatase activity was not detectable in cerebral cortex and cerebellum at any age studied. Since serum testosterone was higher in males than females during the first 4 days of postnatal life, and since aromatase activity is elevated in the hypothalamus at this time, our results support the current concept that local formation of estrogen mediates testosterone-induced masculinization of the brain during the neonatal period. However, our results also indicate that failure of the rat brain to undergo complete sexual differentiation before birth cannot be due to an inability of the fetal hypothalamus to aromatize androgens, since aromatase activity was higher in the hypothalamus than in any other fetal tissue.PMID: 7094885 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Environ Health Perspect. 2002 Jun;110 Suppl 3:423-8. Related Articles,Links The parvocellular vasotocin system of Japanese quail: a developmental and adult model for the study of influences of gonadal hormones on sexually differentiated and behaviorally relevant neural circuits.Panzica GC, Bakthazart J, Pessatti M, Viglietti-Panzica C.Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Forensic Medicine, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Rita Levi Montalcini Center for Brain Repair, University of Torino, c.so M. D \'Azeglio 52, I-10126 Turin, Italy. giancarlo.panzica@unito.itVasotocin (VT; the antidiuretic hormone of birds) is synthesized by diencephalic magnocellular neurons projecting to the neurohypophysis. A sexually dimorphic system of VT-immunoreactive (ir) parvocellular elements has been described within the male medial preoptic nucleus (POM) and the nucleus of the stria terminalis, pars medialis (BSTm). VT-ir fibers are present in many diencephalic and extradiencephalic locations, and quantitative morphometric analyses demonstrated their sexually dimorphic distribution in regions involved in the control of different aspects of reproduction. Moreover, systemic or intracerebroventricular injections of VT markedly inhibit the expression of some aspects of male sexual behavior. In adult animals, circulating levels of testosterone (T) have a profound influence on the VT immunoreactivity within BSTm, POM, and lateral septum. Castration markedly decreases the immunoreaction, whereas T-replacement therapy restores a situation similar to the intact birds. We observed no changes in gonadectomized females treated with T. These changes parallel similar changes in male copulatory behavior (not present in castrated male quail, fully expressed in castrated, T-treated males). The restoration by T of the VT immunoreactivity in castrated male quail could be fully mimicked by a treatment with estradiol (E(2)), suggesting that the aromatization of T into E(2) may play a key limiting role in both the activation of male sexual behavior and the induction of VT synthesis. This dimorphism has an organizational nature: administration of E(2) to quail embryos (a treatment that abolishes male sexual behavior) results in a dramatic decrease of the VT immunoreactivity in sexually dimorphic regions. Conversely, the inhibition of E(2) synthesis during embryonic life (a treatment that stimulates the expression of male copulatory behavior in treated females exposed in adulthood to T) results in a malelike distribution of VT immunoreactivity. The VT parvocellular system of the Japanese quail can therefore be considered an accurate marker of the sexual differentiation of brain circuits mediating copulatory behavior and could be a very sensitive indicator of the activity of estrogenlike substances on neural circuits.PMID: 12060839 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2001 Dec;79(1-5):261-77. Related Articles,Links Phosphorylation processes mediate rapid changes of brain aromatase activity.Balthazart J, Baillien M, Ball GF.Research Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, Center for Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 17 Place Delcour (Bat. L1), University of Liege, B-4020, Liege, Belgium. jbalthazart@ulg.ac.beThe enzyme aromatase (also called estrogen synthase) that catalyzes the transformation of testosterone (T) into estradiol plays a key limiting role in the action of T on many aspects of reproduction. The distribution and regulation of aromatase in the quail brain has been studied by radioenzyme assays on microdissected brain areas, immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. High levels of aromatase activity (AA) characterize the sexually dimorphic, steroid-sensitive medial preoptic nucleus (POM), a critical site of T action and aromatization for the activation of male sexual behavior. The boundaries of the POM are clearly outlined by a dense population of aromatase-containing cells as visualized by both immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization histochemistry. Aromatase synthesis in the POM is controlled by T and its metabolite estradiol, but estradiol receptors alpha (ERalpha) are not normally co-localized with aromatase in this brain area. Estradiol receptor beta (ERbeta) has been recently cloned in quail and localized in POM but we do not yet know whether ERbeta occurs in aromatase cells. It is therefore not known whether estrogens regulate aromatase synthesis directly or by affecting different inputs to aromatase cells as is the case with the gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons. The presence of aromatase in presynaptic boutons suggests that locally formed estrogens may exert part of their effects by non-genomic mechanisms at the membrane level. Rapid effects of estrogens in the brain that presumably take place at the neuronal membrane level have been described in other species. If fast transduction mechanisms for estrogen are available at the membrane level, this will not necessarily result in rapid changes in brain function if the availability of the ligand does not also change rapidly. We demonstrate here that AA in hypothalamic homogenates is rapidly down-regulated by exposure to conditions that enhance protein phosphorylation (addition of Ca2+, Mg2+, ATP). This inhibition is blocked by kinase inhibitors which supports the notion that phosphorylation processes are involved. A rapid (within minutes) and reversible regulation of AA is also observed in hypothalamic explants incubated in vitro and exposed to high Ca2+ levels (K+-induced depolarization, treatment by thapsigargin, by kainate, AMPA or NMDA). The local production and availability of estrogens in the brain can therefore be rapidly changed by Ca2+ based on variation in neurotransmitter activity. Locally-produced estrogens are as a consequence available for non-genomic regulation of neuronal physiology in a manner more akin to the action of a neuropeptide/neurotransmitter than previously thought.Publication Types:ReviewReview, TutorialPMID: 11850233 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1997 Apr;61(3-6):323-39. Related Articles,Links Steroid control and sexual differentiation of brain aromatase.Balthazart J.European Graduate School for Neuroscience, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Liege, Belgium. balthazart@ulg.ac.beBrain aromatase (ARO) activity in the quail is markedly enhanced by testosterone (T). This effect only becomes detectable after several hours and reaches its maximum within a few days, which suggests enzymatic induction at the genomic level. This idea is reinforced by the fact that T also increases the ARO protein, as observed by immunocytochemistry (ICC) and the ARO mRNA, as measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). These changes can be mimicked by the administration of estrogens and therefore presumably require T aromatization. In our first test, injection of the non-steroidal ARO inhibitor, R76713 (racemic vorozole), unexpectedly revealed an increase in ARO immunoreactivity in the preoptic area (POA) of treated birds. This property of R76713 was shared by another non-steroidal inhibitor, fadrozole, but not by two steroidal inhibitors, androstatrienedione (ATD) and 4-hydroxy-androstenedione (OHA). These last two compounds markedly decreased the concentration of brain ARO as estimated by ICC. In parallel, ATD and OHA decreased ARO mRNA concentration measured by RT-PCR but vorozole and fadrozole had no effect on these concentrations in the POA, and only caused them to decrease slightly in the posterior hypothalamus. Together, these data indicate that the removal of estrogens caused by steroidal inhibitors decreases the synthesis of ARO, presumably at the transcriptional level. Additional regulatory mechanisms apparently take place after the injection of non-steroidal inhibitors and probably include increased half-life of the protein. The induction of ARO activity by steroids appears to be greater in males than in females, but this difference has been difficult to localize and confirm by assay methods. We therefore analysed by ICC the tridimensional distribution of ARO-ir neurons in the POA of males and females that were sexually mature or gonadectomized and treated with T-filled or control empty implants. Localized sex differences and effects of T were detected in this way. In particular, males had more ARO-ir cells than females in the lateral POA but a difference in the opposite direction was evident in the medial part of this area. These sex differences are largely activational (i.e. caused by the higher T levels in males) but they may also reflect organizational effects of neonatal steroids. Castration decreased ARO-ir cell numbers in the lateral POA, but increased it in the periventricular region. This anatomically specialized control by T may be mediated by three potential mechanisms that are discussed and comparatively evaluated: a migration of ARO neurons towards the ventricle after castration; a differential colocalization of ARO with estrogen receptors or a differential modulation of ARO neurons by catecholaminergic inputs.Publication Types:ReviewReview, TutorialPMID: 9365208 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Neuroendocrinology. 1993 Dec;58(6):673-81. Related Articles,Links Sex-specific aromatization of testosterone in mouse hypothalamic neurons.Beyer C, Wozniak A, Hutchison JB.AFRC BABRAHAM Institute, MRC Neuroendocrine Development and Behaviour Group, Cambridge, UK.Conversion of androgens to oestrogens by neural aromatase during brain development appears to be a prerequisite for sexual differentiation of the mammalian central nervous system. In order to investigate the pre- and perinatal patterns of testosterone (T) aromatization in the male and female mouse brain, aromatase activity (AA) was measured in hypothalamic and cerebral homogenates of embryonic day (ED) 17 fetuses and neonates using an in vitro 3H2O product formation microassay. In addition, AA was examined in gender-specific neuronal cell cultures prepared from ED 15 mouse cerebral hemisphere and hypothalamus at 3 and 6 days in vitro (DIV), and this was compared with enzyme activities in homogenates. The aromatase has also been evaluated in glial-enriched cultures from ED 20 mouse hypothalamus and cortex as well as in ED 15 cultures treated with the neurotoxin kainic acid in order to localize AA to neurons and/or glial cells. Significant sex differences in AA were observed in hypothalamic tissue homogenates as early as ED 17, becoming even more distinct in neonates, AA being always higher in males compared to females. Similar AA was also found in cells from both sexes from cultured ED 15 hypothalamus after 3 DIV. However, significantly higher AA was observed after 6 DIV in ED 15 male hypothalamic cultures compared to female. ED 20 glial-enriched hypothalamic cultures (purity > 95%) from both brain regions exhibited very low AA after 6 DIV, and no sex differences were found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)PMID: 8127394 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Horm Behav. 1993 Jun;27(2):200-15. Related Articles,Links Effects of the nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor, fadrozole, on the sexual behavior of male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).Zumpe D, Bonsall RW, Michael RP.Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.In many vertebrates, castration and hormone replacement and, more recently, the use of aromatase inhibitors, have shown that male sexual activity is mediated by the aromatization of testosterone (T) to estradiol (E2). In macaques, however, the systemic administration of E2, either alone or in combination with androgen, failed either to maintain or to restore the sexual activity of castrated males. The present study examines the effects of administering the nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor, Fadrozole, either alone or combined with E2, to castrated, T-treated male cynomolgus monkeys at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg/day. This dose inhibited by over 98% the conversion of T to E2 and the subsequent accumulation of the latter in hypothalamic cell nuclei. Castrated males bearing sc Silastic impants of T were each tested with an ovariectomized, E2-treated female partner before, during, and after being given minipumps delivering either Fadrozole or water (240 1-hr tests). Within 2 weeks, Fadrozole significantly reduced ejaculatory activity and male sexual motivation in the absence of changes in plasma T levels, which remained in the upper range for intact males. Additional estradiol treatment produced small but significant increases in ejaculations by three of the six males only, and measures of male sexual motivation remained unchanged (120 tests). The present results, which stand in contrast to our previous findings in macaques, support the view that aromatization of T is important for ejaculatory activity and sexual motivation in a male primate. They also suggest that exogenous E2, which reaches the brain from the systemic circulation, does not fully duplicate the behavioral effects of E2 produced locally in the brain by the aromatization of T.PMID: 8349279 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Biol Reprod. 2003 Feb;68(2):370-4. Related Articles,Links Estrogen synthesis in fetal sheep brain: effect of maternal treatment with an aromatase inhibitor.Roselli CE, Resko JA, Stormshak F.Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97201-3098, USA. rosellic@ohsu.eduThe aim of the present study was to determine whether the fetal lamb brain has the capacity to aromatize androgens to estrogens during the critical period for sexual differentiation. We also determined whether administration of the aromatase-inhibitor 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione (ATD) could cross the placenta and inhibit aromatase activity (AA) in fetal brain. Eight pregnant ewes were utilized. On Day 50 of pregnancy, four ewes were given ATD-filled Silastic implants, and the other four ewes received sham surgeries. The fetuses were surgically delivered 2 wk later (Day 64 of gestation). High levels of AA (0.8-1.4 pmol/h/mg protein) were present in the hypothalamus and amygdala. Lower levels (0.02-0.1 pmol/h/mg protein) were measured in brain stem regions, cortex, and olfactory bulbs. The Michaelis-Menten dissociation constant (K(m)) for aromatase in the fetal sheep brain was 3-4 nM. No significant sex differences in AA were observed in brain. Treatment with ATD produced significant inhibition of AA in most brain areas but did not significantly alter serum profiles of the major sex steroids in maternal and fetal serum. Concentrations of testosterone in serum from the umbilical artery and vein were significantly greater in male than in female fetuses. No other sex differences in serum steroids were observed. These data demonstrate that high levels of AA are found in the fetal sheep hypothalamus and amygdala during the critical period for sexual differentiation. They also demonstrate that AA can be inhibited in the fetal lamb brain by treating the mother with ATD, without harming fetal development.PMID: 12533398 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]","null","null","");arrFiles[4]=new Array("http://www.gendercare.com/library/tipslibrary13.html","Selection13- Bhakti Ananda Goswami... a man or a woman is a whole as a person, not defined by genitals or a part of the person. The whole is more than its parts.","Library Selection 13 - Bhakti Ananda Goswami ... sex and gender is characterized by the whole person...not by its parts. Library Selection 1 - Kruijver et al,2000 and others Abstracts and Free Full Papers Library Selection 2 - Aphallia & Sissyboys Library Selection 3 - Transsexual Hormone Therapy (HRT) Library Selection 4 - Hormones and the primate Brain... humans and non humans... USA studies. Library Selection 5 - FtM Transsexual, Aphallia & Micropenis Library Selection 6 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Transgenders and Crossdressers Library Selection 7 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Torres & Jurberg Hypothesis Library Selection 8 - SF-1 and DAX-1 papers Library Selection 9 - Dörner....and the brain sexual differentiation	Library Selection 10 - Imperato_McGinley...and T action for the gender identity masculinization Library Selection 11 - Kula important paper.... and T Aromatization in the brain...	Library Selection 12 - Bhakti Ananda Goswami & Wal Torres ... and the Copernican	revolution of man and woman definition Library Selection 13 - Bhakti Ananda Goswami ... sex and gender is characterized by the whole person...not by its parts.	See here some scientific abstracts from Medline.	Access Medline Abstracts and Papers yourself directly.	See below some wonderful paper abstracts and sometimes FREE FULL PAPERS!.	Bhakti Ananda Goswami, who is	fighting for a new definition about what is a man and what is a woman, has his own	ideas. We do not agree with all of them, includding about the estrogen action over	the basal brain....he do not consider Gunther Dörner paradox about estrogen action,	masculinizing brains during gestation...but we have much more in common, than what	we have not in common...he is ,	as we are, looking for a Revolution, a Copernican or Kantian revolution, for Man	and Woman definition. He defines wonderfully his main ideas when he says.... sex is	defined by the whole person, and not by its parts....the whole is more than the	sum of the parts.....we need now, having so new results and insights about	the brain, the gender identity, and about who we are as PERSONS, to renew the	concept of WHAT IT IS TO BE A MAN OR	A WOMAN. Bhakti Ananda Goswami has a more religious point of view, and Wal Torres	has a more brain centered one....but both arrive to the same final goal....to	redefine what it is to be a man or a woman.	De: BhaktiAnandaGoswamiPara: MarthaFreitasData: 14/10/200305:30Assunto: INTRODUCTORYLETTERSANDMYINDEX,THENANESSAYONSEXDIMORPHICBEHAVIORMAHA MATA KI JAYA ! MAHA PITA KI JAYA !JESU KI JAYA ! PARAM ATMAN KI JAYA ! JIV ATMA JAYATE !DEAR MARTHA,Some introductory letters and my Sex Differentiation Study Detailed Topical Index and Essay on The Biology of Behavior follows.PRAISE THE LORD !!!THIS IS ESPECIALLY THE MORE CHRISTIAN VERSION.IN THIS VERSION YOU WILL SEE THAT I TOO PLEAD FOR MORE SPECIFICITY WHENISSUES OF SEX DIFFERENTIATION, GENDER IDENTITY, SEX DIMORPHIC BEHAVIOR ANDSEX SIGNALING RESPONSES ARE CONCERNED. LUMPING PEOPLE WITH VERY DIFFERENTREALITIES / CONDITIONS ALL IN-TOGETHER IS A DISSERVICE TO THEM. IT IS ACHEAP, EASY, LAZY AND IMPERSONAL WAY TO DEAL WITH PEOPLES \' UNIQUENESS. ATTHE MINIMUM, WE SHOULD MAKE AN EFFORT TO GAIN SOME VERY BASIC UNDERSTANDINGOF THE REAL BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL \'FACTS OF LIFE \'. NO ONE WANTS TO BETREATED IMPERSONALLY ON THE BASIS OF SOMEONE ELSE \'S MISINFORMATION ORPREJUDICE.IT IS A FACT THAT EASTERN INDIAN CIVILIZATION RECOGNIZED A VERY GENERALCATEGORY OF PERSONS WITH ATYPICAL OR MIXED SEX CHARACTERISTICS, AND THATTHIS \'THIRD SEX \' CLASS INCLUDED THOSE WHO ENGAGED IN HOMOSEXUAL OR LESBIANBEHAVIORS. AMARA DASA OF GALVA (THE GAY AND LESBIAN VAISHNAVA ASSOCIATIONhttp://www.nine9.ukshells.co.uk/cgi-bin/galva-idx.pl ) WANTS TO PROMOTE THE RECOGNITION OFTHIS INCLUSIVE CLASSICAL INDIAN \'HINDU \' THIRD CATEGORY. HOWEVER, MY OWN INTERESTIS IN PROMOTING A NEW SCIENCE-BASED UNDERSTANDING OF THE ENORMOUS COMPLEXITY OF HUMAN SEX DIFFERENTIATION AND BEHAVIOR, WHICH WILL MOVE PEOPLES \' THOUGHT AWAY FROM INVALID SIMPLISTIC AND IMPERSONAL DIMORPHIC CATEGORIZATION, INTO A NEW ERA OF RESPECT FOR THEMYSTERY OF THE \'SELF \' OR PERSON. PEOPLE SHOULD DEFINE THEIR PARTS, NOT THE OTHER WAY AROUND. THE PRECIOUS UNIQUENESS OF EACH PERSON SHOULDBE VALUED AND PROTECTED BY LAW. BETTER EDUCATION WITH MORE SPECIFICITY IS WHATWE NEED, NOT MORE LUMPING-IN. FOR EXAMPLE, AS YOU KNOW, SOME FETALLYESTROGENIZED XY PERSONS ARE EXTREMELY FEMININE. SUCH PERSONS ARE OFTENCLASSED AS SEXUALLY RECEPTIVE \'HOMOSEXUALS \'. OTHER \'HOMOSEXUALS \' AREEXTREMELY MASCULINE, NEVER RECEPTIVE IN ANY SEX ACTS, BUT SIMPLY DO NOTRESPOND TO THE SEX-SIGNALING OF WOMEN. THERE ARE OTHERS WHO ARE ALSOLABELED \'HOMOSEXUAL \', WHICH DO NOT FIT EITHER OF THESE FIRST TWO \'GAY \'STEREOTYPE CATEGORIES. FOR THE PURPOSES OF BETTER UNDERSTANDING, THESEDIFFERENT KINDS OF PEOPLE SHOULD NOT BE ALL LUMPED-IN-TOGETHER UNDER THESINGLE LABEL \'HOMOSEXUAL \' OR \'QUEER \'. FOR EXAMPLE, A SEXUALLY RECEPTIVEFETALLY ESTROGENIZED XY PERSON, WHO IS EXTREMELY FEMININE, IS NOT AT ALLLIKE A HYPER ANDROGENIZED HETEROSEXUAL MALE WHO FORCES PENETRATING SEX ONOTHER MEN AS PART OF AN \'ALPHA MALE \' DOMINANCE PROBLEM.SEX DIFFERENTIATION IS A BIOLOGICAL PROCESS, BUT THE ASSIGNMENT OF SEX ATBIRTH, AND THE CATEGORIZATION OF BODIES, BEHAVIORS AND SOCIAL ROLES IS PARTOF A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT. PEOPLE ARE NOT BORN TO BE OUTCAST AND DAMNED. THEYARE JUST BORN DIFFERENT, AND SOCIETY DECIDES WHETHER OR NOT TO CAST THEMOUT AND DAMN THEM. MY PLEA IS TO MOVE AWAY FROM ANY PURELY PARTS (ORCHROMOSOMAL)-CENTERED CRITERIA FOR \'SEXING \' / ASSIGNING PEOPLE, TOWARDS APERSON-CENTERED SYSTEM, IN WHICH PEOPLE ARE GIVEN PRIORITY OVER THEIR PARTS.THE MEDICAL, CIVIL-LEGAL AND RELATED RELIGIOUS IDOLATRY OF DISEMBODIEDIMPERSONAL PARTS (FROM GENITALS AND GONADS TO CHROMOSOMES) BEING EXALTEDOVER REAL AND AFFECTIVE PEOPLE MUST END. PARTS DO NOT DEMAND RIGHTS AND HAVERESPONSIBILITIES, PEOPLE DO. PARTS MAY TOUCH, BUT IT IS PEOPLE WHO FORMAFFECTIVE RELATIONSHIPS. RELIGIONS OF LOVE AND GRACE HAVE CONSISTENTLYASSERTED THE PRIMACY OF PEOPLE OVER THEIR MERE PARTS. IN FACT THE ENTIREIDEA OF HOLY MARTYRDOM IS THE ULTIMATE ASSERTION OF THE PERSON OVER THEIRTOTALITY OF PARTS. THE MARTYR CHOOSES TO GIVE UP ALL OF THEIR PARTS, RATHERTHAN TO VIOLATE THE PERSONAL LOVE THAT THEY HAVE COME TO REALIZE !WHILE IT IS TRUE THAT UNCONTROLLED PARTS HAVE OFTEN COST PEOPLE THEIR LIVES,IN THE CASE OF HOLY MARTYRDOM OR HEROISM, THE \'SELF \' FREELY CHOOSES TOSACRIFICE THEIR BODILY LIFE FOR SOME GREATER CAUSE OF LOVE. THUS THE HEROICPERSON MAY ASSERT THEIR ULTIMATE RIGHT AND RESPONSIBILITY OVER THEIR OWNBODY. SUCH HEROISM IS A LIFE-AFFIRMING POSITIVE ACT OF OTHER-CENTERED LOVE,NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH THE DESPAIR, SELF-LOATHING OR VENGEANCE THATSOMETIMES LEADS TO SUICIDE. HOLY MARTYRDOM IS NEVER SUICIDE. IN EITHERCASE, THE GIVING-UP OF ONE \'S LIFE FOR ANOTHER, OR ENDING OF ONE \'S OWN LIFEIN SUICIDE, IS AN ASSERTION OF THE SELF OVER THEIR OWN FLESH. FROM THEBEGINNING OF LIFE, WHEN THE BABY STRUGGLES TO ASSERT ITS WILL OVER ITS OWNFLESH, TO LIFE \'S END, WHEN THE LUCID SELF STILL WANTS TO CONTROL ITS OWNDEPARTURE, PARTS DO NOT POSSESS PEOPLE, PEOPLE POSSESS THEIR PARTS. PEOPLESAY \'MY FOOT \', \'MY BRAIN \', \'MY GENITALS \', ETC. IT IS THE POSSESSOR OF THEPARTS WHO HAS RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES. THE PERSON DECLARES THEIRFIDELITY TO MILITARY SERVICE, MARRIAGE, A FAITH OR EMPLOYER ETC. ACOLLECTION OF PARTS WITHOUT ITS POSSESSOR IS JUST A DEAD BODY. WHEN THEMYSTERIOUS \'SELF \' DEPARTS, ALL THE REMAINING PARTS LOSE THEIR RELATIONSHIPTO PERSONHOOD AND DECOMPOSE. NO REASONABLE PERSON CONFUSES A ROTTING CORPSEFOR THE VITAL PERSON THAT ONCE INDWELLED IT. A DEAD BODY CANNOT CONVERT TO ANEW FAITH, ENLIST IN THE MILITARY, OR PLEDGE ITS LOVE TO ANYONE. SO LAW,WHICH RECOGNIZES THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A LIVING PERSON AND A DEAD BODY,SHOULD RECOGNIZE THAT PERSONAL CIVIL SOCIAL RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIESBELONG TO PERSONS, NOT A PART, SOME PARTS OR EVEN THE ENTIRE COLLECTION OFPARTS THAT WE CALL THE BODY. HOWEVER, AT THE PRESENT, GLOBALLY THE RIGHTSAND RESPONSIBILITIES OF HUMANS ARE BEING DEFINED BY SOME SINGLE PART ORCOLLECTION OF PARTS, WITHOUT REGARD FOR THE PERSONS WHO OWN THOSE PARTS.THIS IS FRANKLY GHOULISH ! TO IMPOSE A SINGLE PART OR PARTS-BASEDDEFINITION UPON HUMANS, AND THEREFORE TO IMPOSE A SOCIAL VALUE OR ASSIGNMENTOF RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES UPON THEM BASED ON A PART OR PARTS IS ASPERVERSE, PREJUDICIALLY CRUEL AND IMPERSONAL AS THE SELECTION OF LABORERSAND GAS CHAMBER VICTIMS IN THE NAZI DEATH CAMPS. THE NAZIS DECIDED WHICH OFTHEIR SUBJECTS OR PRISONERS WERE HUMAN OR ANIMAL, WHICH DESERVED TO LIVE ORTO DIE, WHICH WERE TO BE GIVEN WHAT RIGHTS OR RESPONSIBILITIES ETC., ALL BYTHEIR WHITE RACIST AND EUGENICS ASSESSMENT OF BODILY PARTS AND \'BLOOD \' OR \'GENETICS \'. THE CIVILIZED WORLD HAS REJECTED THE NAZIS \' RACIST AND EUGENICPROGRAM. HOWEVER, IT HAS NOT REJECTED THE PSEUDO-SCIENCE OF GENETICS ANDFORM / MORPHOLOGY / PHENOTYPE THAT WAS FOUNDATIONAL TO THE NAZI ANDPROTO-NAZI GENEALOGY OF THOUGHT. IT IS THIS IMPERSONAL PARTS-BASED WAY OFASSESSING AND DEFINING HUMANS THAT WE MUST OVERCOME TO ACHIEVE A JUSTSOCIETY.THE WAY TO CHANGE OUR PART / PARTS-BASED THINKING ABOUT SEX IS TO FINALLYBEGIN TO STUDY AND UNDERSTAND IT. STUDYING SEX DIFFERENTIATION IS THE FIRSTTHING WE MUST DO TO BEGIN TO UNDERSTAND XY-MALE AND XX-FEMALE AND EVERYOTHER SEX-DIFFERENTIATION VARIATION IN THE ANIMAL AND HUMAN SPECIES. FOREXAMPLE, THERE ARE NATURALLY XX SEX-REVERSED MEN AND NATURALLY XYSEX-REVERSED WOMEN. THERE ARE OTHERS WHO DO NOT SIMPLY HAVE EITHER XX OR XYSEX CHROMOSOMES. SO ETHICALLY XX AND XY CANNOT BE USED AS THE CRITERIA FORASSIGNING SEX IN EVERY CASE. HOW THEN CAN COURTS USE XX AND XY TO DECIDEMANY MATTERS OF LAW, INCLUDING THE RIGHT TO MARRY? HOW CAN THE CHURCHESUSE XX AND XY TO DAMN TRANSSEXUALS, WHEN SEX-REVERSAL OCCURS NATURALLYCREATING XX MEN AND XY WOMEN? IF THE CIVIL OR CHURCH AUTHORITIESIGNORANTLY DECLARE THAT INVARIABLY XX=FEMALE AND XY=MALE, AND THUSTRANSSEXUALS CANNOT BE ACCEPTED AS REAL WOMEN OR MEN, THEN WHAT IS THESTATUS OF NATURALLY SEX-REVERSED HUMANS? WHAT IS THE STATUS OF PERSONS WHODO NOT HAVE THE STANDARD XX OR XY CHROMOSOMAL PATTERNS? HOW CAN MAN \'S LAWFORBID THE EXISTENCE OF SEX-REVERSED AND INTERSEXED HUMANS, WHEN GOD \'S LAWHAS NOT FORBIDDEN THEIR EXISTENCE? BUT, TRAGICALLY, THE CHURCH AND STATELIKE TO INVOKE THE SECULAR IDEAS OF SCIENCE AND \'NATURAL LAW \' TO SUPPORTTHEIR MISUNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN SEXUALITY. INVOKING THE \'BIRDS AND THEBEES \' IS DONE TO FORCE HUMANS INTO AN ARTIFICIALLY STRICT AND SIMPLE SEXUALDIMORPHISM THAT SIMPLY DOES NOT EXIST IN NATURE! THE OBVIOUS CURE FOR THISOPPRESSIVE NONSENSE TO REAL \'SEX EDUCATION \' THAT INFORMS THE LAW MAKERS ANDENFORCERS OF THE REAL \' FACTS OF LIFE \'. THE SCIENTIFIC TRUTH IS THATLIKE REAL HUMANS, THE \'BIRDS AND BEES \' COME IN A VAST VARIETY OFSEX-REVERSED AND INTERSEXED CONDITIONS. UNDERSTANDING THE VAST COMPLEXITY OFALL SPECIES OF LIFE AND HUMAN LIFE IN PARTICULAR, CAN ONLY RESULT INCIVILIZED SOCIETIES MOVING AWAY FROM THE NAZI-LIKE PARTS-BASED ASSESSMENT ANDVALUATION OF PEOPLE, TO A NEW PARADIGM, ONE THAT IS PERSON OR \'SELF \' BASED,RECOGNIZING THE EQUAL VALUE AND PRIMACY OF PERSONS OVER THEIR PARTS.HERE IS SOME INFORMATION ON SEX DETERMINATION AND BEHAVIOR, THAT I HOPE YOUDERIVE SOME BENEFIT FROM.WISHING YOU PAX AND PREMA !BHAKTI ANANDA GOSWAMI (DAVID SHERMAN)Subject: David Sherman \'s Introduction to Sex Differentiation and SexDimorphic Behavior in VertebratesCOVER LETTER TO MY RECENT SURVEY OF THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH REGARDING SEXDIFFERENTIATION AND SEX DIMORPHIC BEHAVIOR IN VERTEBRATESTo Whom it may concern,Peace and prema (divine love) to you ! My name is David Sherman aka BhaktiAnanda Goswami. I am a research historian by training, and also have somescientific and medical background. As a Catholic hermit and VaishnavaSiksha Master (Sannyasi) and religious counselor, I have known andministered to intersexed and transgendered persons for over 30 years. Ithought you might like to see this. As both a person involved with thepastoral counseling of sex and gender-different people, and as an intersexedperson myself, I am concerned about the sad state of humanity \'s general maleducation regarding sexual differentiation and biologically determinedsexually dimorphic behavior. After searching a major bioethics institutesite, and finding no reference at all to human intersex (previously calledhermaphroditism), or the basic biological and medical ethics issues of sexassignment and gender identity, I decided to personally try to address thisappalling lack of information.So I went on the internet. Using my research, scientific and medicalbackground, I began searching the U.S. National Library of Medicine and theInternet in general for outstanding and up-to-date research on sexdifferentiation and sex dimorphic behavior in vertebrates. For the purposeof establishing a biological baseline of information, regarding the real \'facts of life \', I especially focused on intersex (hermaphroditic)conditions in both animals and humans, as illustrative of the complexitiesof sex differentiation and sex-dimorphic related behavior. There was such atremendous amount of relevant information that I selected only about one outof every 20 papers that I read, and downloaded an abstract of it. Iorganized all these references and abstracts into categories and compiled areport on my entire survey of the literature. I \'m sure it is a uniqueresource on the neuroendocrinology, and the chromosomal, reproductive, andphenotypic differentiation of sex and sex-dimorphic behavior in vertebrates.Sometimes in the struggle for human rights and justice, it is necessary todisturb people with the facts. The facts of sex differentiation areprofoundly different than what most even well-educated people, and evenmedical field professionals imagine. Medical intervention based on erroneousideas harms people. It is past time that we came out of the Victorian erapseudo-scientific idea of what makes us male or female, and face the realityof our complex physical and psycho-social sexuality. Sex is not a SIMPLEmatter of chromosomes, internal and external organs. There are NATURALLY( FROM BIRTH ) XX sex-reversed men and XY sex-reversed women, and everypossible condition between these extremes and the normal of XX= female andXY= male. These variations occur pervasively in both humans and in subhumanspecies. Intersex conditions are common in humanity and in the rest ofnature, and they are on the rise due to pollution and related \'environmentalestrogens \'. There is such a vast amount of internet accessible informationon environmental estrogens alone, and the consequent \'intersex \' feminizationof all males, including humans, due to estrogenic endocrine disruptors inthe environment, that I included a special section on it in the report.Please note that the report \'s focus is not either \'transsexualism \' orsame-sex sexual orientation, etc.; however, important fundamental truthsrelative to these conditions are found throughout. Also note that the termsex-reversal as used here in does NOT refer to human transsexualism, but todocumented biological states of hermaphroditic \"sex-reversal \" (thescientific term) found in both animals and humans; for example, the rodentspecies with both XX and XY \'sex reversed \' females.I hope that you find this information useful. Sex and gender justice is afundamental human rights issue. I am a religious person, and to me, much ofthe religious community \'s problem regarding sex and sexuality is based notat all in religion, but in secular 19th-century erroneous ideas about sex.Religions are relying on these flawed ideas to define humans not by theirpersons, but SOME PARTS (seen or unseen) according to bad, outdated 19thcentury science. Under the old system, every baby was assigned a sex atbirth, based on specific and sometimes irrelevant parts. Sometimes the sexassignment was erroneous, resulting in a tragic life for the child andfamily. With the advent of chromosome testing, a new way to err in sexassignment was introduced, and with it came more great injustice and moresuffering for intersexed persons. Modern science tells us thatintersexuality in most species is much more common than previouslyrecognized, and reaching \'epidemic \' status due to the global problem ofenvironmental estrogens, or estrogen-mimicking endocrine disruptors. Thisis a problem that is not going away, and is in fact creating a crisis in thebioethics field, as \'gender teams \' fight over how to assign sex, and whetheror not to continue to surgically alter intersexed infants. Since no onesystem of defining a person \'s sex by gross anatomical or microscopic partsis correct / accurate in all cases, the ultimate, purely scientificconclusion is that all persons must be ultimately allowed sexual and genderself-determination. It is the person who is precious and inviolable. Acollection of parts without the person is just a dead body. In the finalanalysis, we must ask each person who and what they are. We should nolonger tolerate the sexual mutilation of helpless intersexed infants, astheir \'gender team \' GUESSES what they will grow up to be, and removes theparts that they THE GENDER TEAM don \'t want ! The outcome of these surgerieson non consenting babies is often tragic, as the doctors commonly guesswrong, condemning the patient and their loved-ones to a life of misery andheart-break.We must move to a new paradigm for defining people, which abandons19th-century pseudo-scientific, impersonal and invalid definitions of peoplebased on any particular part or collection of parts, gross or microscopic.Our new spiritual and human rights-centered paradigm must be personal, notimpersonal, and people, not parts-centered / oriented. Parts exist toserve people, and people should define their parts, not the other wayaround. Intersexed infants should not be routinely castrated or otherwisesexually mutilated , and adults should be allowed corrective surgeries andsex reassignment when needed. Doctors and pastors need to begin serving thebest medical, emotional and social / legal interests of their patients.Educators need to introduce the truth about intersexuality into oureducational systems.The best scientific information should inform all our medical and pastoralcare of souls. In the absence of such education, sex and gender-variant,and even \'normal \' people suffering via a loved-one from some sex orgender-related problems in life, are not cared for appropriately eithermedically, psychosocially or spiritually. Intersexed people sufferunspeakably because of this, and all their loved ones, as well as the restof \'normal \' society, suffer with them. Those of us who are aware of theproblem have a responsibility to address it. For this reason, I amcurrently working on presenting the results of my recent research survey inbook form, for the benefit of all those who are effected by these problems,as well as for the general enlightenment of society. It is astounding thatin our time educated people still don \'t know the real facts of life. Belowis a topical index to my survey of the recent scientific literatureregarding sex differentiation and sex dimorphic behavior in vertebrates. Iinvite all interested persons to familiarize themselves with these facts,and thus become part of the solution, instead of remaining part of the maleducated problem.David Sherman / Bhakti Ananda GoswamiAbout the Author, a Devoted Catholic Hermit and Shiksha Master (Sannyasi) inthe Vaishnava TraditionIn 1972 David Sherman, a Christian historian of religion, began his formalstudy of bhakti yoga. Over the years he served the Indian and global bhaktiyoga Vaishnava communities at various locations and eventually took the vowsof the renounced order of vanaprastha and then, after more than 20 years ofstudy and service, the final religious vows of sannyasa. His sannyasi namewas given and the traditional Indian fire sacrifice for his vows wasperformed by His Holiness Srila Radhanatha Swami of the ancient andvenerable Gaudiya Vaishnava Lineage from Mumbai, India. Since becoming aVaishnava Siksha (instructing ) Master, he has served the internationalVaishnava community with distinction for ten years.David Sherman / Bhakti Ananda Goswami has a bachelor \'s degree, successfullycompleted the oral presentation of his master \'s thesis and has five years ofaccredited graduate-level college education in his special field ofcomparative bhakti (divine love) tradition studies. He has been honored byhis college \'s department heads and faculty, and by interfaith leaders inIndia, Nepal and Sri Lanka for his pioneering discoveries in this field. Hewas asked to contribute to an important Catholic text on ecology, EmbracingEarth: Catholic Approaches to Ecology, edited by Albert J. LaChance and JohnE. Carroll, Orbis Books, Maryknoll, N.Y., 1994. (see Council of Churchesrecommendation of this text athttp://www.mnchurches.org/media/pdfs/ecojustice/Bibliography.pdf), and hisscholarly papers have been accepted for presentation at internationalacademic conferences. He also has professional certification and extensiveeducation and work experience in the medical and human services fields. Hehas especially worked with troubled youth, and in respite and hospice carefor the multiply disabled and people with severe organic mental illness andbrain injury. During his time as a medical biophysics research assistant, healso pursued his education in the neuro-biology of behavior as a way toimprove his human services work in caring for the mentally and emotionallyill.Born with an undiagnosed intersexed condition, he was sex-assigned as afemale at birth, and raised as a girl, but was eventually diagnosed with arare form of late virilizing \'true \' hermaphroditism. Then in hisgender-ambiguous youth and young adulthood, despite his desire to simplylive a virtuous life, he was first sexually harassed and persecuted bymisunderstanding people as a masculine girl/lesbian and then, as he furthermasculinized, as a feminine gay man. Later after complete masculinization,he was subjected to experimental medical abuse from curious universitymedical \'gender groups \'. After his legal gender re-assignment to male, hewas again mislabeled by the uneducated as a \'transsexual \' and persecuted assuch.The situation has not improved much for intersexed persons today. Thus aftera lifetime of being intersexed, raised as a girl, and spending his entireadult life as a man, Bhakti Ananda Goswami has remained amazed that despitethe very large number of intersexed persons, the normal population stillseems completely unaware of their existence. Like many intersexed personswho identify as a heterosexual male, he has never considered himself to belesbian, gay, bisexual or transsexual, but at times has been persecuted asall of these, by uneducated and cruel people. This has given Bhakti AnandaGoswami some unique insights into the perception and nature of sex andgender, along with great empathy for persons who have been rejected andpersecuted for being \'different. \' As a result of all the persecution hepersonally experienced, in 2001 he decided, with the permission of hisfamily, to make a public statement about his medical condition and topublicly use his extensive experience and education in the field ofbehavioral neuro-biology to help others suffering from medical and pastoralabuse and various forms of misunderstanding and persecution. As a publicservice, he is now providing a Topical Index to his pioneering 2001 reviewof the scientific literature regarding sex differentiation and sex-dimorphicbehavior in vertebral species including man. Following his topical index(immediately below), is an article about homosexuality derived in part fromhis pastoral experience with sex and gender different people, and from hisrecent review of the research literature on sex differentiation and sexdimorphic behavior in vertebrates. In his essay on same-sex attraction, hedistinguishes between fetally androgenized or estrogenized persons, who haveno choice regardiing their gender identity or sexual orientation, and thosefor whom gender role- playing and same-sex sexual activity is a matter ofchoice. He also discusses so-called homosexuals who are compelled bypathological dominance and submission obsessions, and points out thedifference between sexual activity motivated by social-animal \'peckingorder \' behaviors, as opposed to pair bonding in human and divine love.In spite of illness related to post-polio syndrome, Bhakti Ananda Goswamihas continued his service to the Vaishnava community through religiousscholarship and pastoral care. In 2001 he was appointed Coordinator toestablish an Interfaith Committee for the World Vaishnava Association, andas a Catholic he has continued his Christian bhakti-yoga practice oflife-long devotion to Jesus Christ. He advocates holiness of life foreveryone in both celibate chastity and marital faithfulness, believing thatsensual self-mastery is a key to both self-respect and the spiritual freedomto love unconditionally.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------...For All Are One In Christ Jesus IMPROVING MEDICAL AND PASTORAL RESPONSESTO THE NEEDS OF INTERSEX PERSONSA Resource SEXDIFFERENTIATION AND BEHAVIOR, AN INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL AND HUMAN STUDIESCompiled by David ShermanAugust, 2001OVERVIEWSECTION IAN INTRODUCTION TO THE BIOLOGY OF SEX DIFFERENTIATION, AND THE ROLE OFNEUROENDOCRINOLOGY IN SEX DIMORPHIC BEHAVIORA. SOME DEFINITIONS, SOURCES AND EXPERTSB. THE INCREASE OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND THEIRGROWING INFLUENCE ON SEX DIFFERENTIATION IN ALL SPECIES, INCLUDING THEHUMAN SPECIESC. SEX HORMONES, NEUROLOGY AND BEHAVIORSECTIONS II THROUGH VII: ANIMAL STUDIESII COLD BLOODED SPECIESIII AVIAN SPECIESIV RODENT SPECIESV CANINE AND OTHER SPECIESVI BOVINE AND OTHER SPECIESVII PRIMATE SPECIESSECTIONS VIII THROUGH XIII: HUMAN STUDIESSEX DIFFERENTIATION AND BEHAVIOR, SEX REVERSAL AND INTERSEX: WHEN GENOTYPEDOES, AND DOES NOT, PREDICT PHENOTYPESECTION VIIICHROMOSOMES, HORMONES, BODY AND BEHAVIOR IN THE HUMAN SPECIES, BIOLOGICALSEX REVERSAL, INTERSEX AND GENDER IDENTITYA. SOME DEFINITIONS OF INTERSEX, SOURCES AND EXPERTSB. CHROMOSOMES AND SEX DIFFERENTIATION, SEX REVERSAL AND INTERSEXCONDITIONSC. INTERSEX, GENDER IDENTITY, BEHAVIOR AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION, SEX HORMONESAND THE SEXUAL DIMORPHISM OF THE BRAINSECTIONS IX THROUGH XIIISOME SPECIFIC DISORDERS, ESTIMATES OF FREQUENCY, CHALLENGES IN DIAGNOSIS ANDTREATMENTIX KLINEFELTER SYNDROMEX \'TRUE \' HERMAPHRODITISMXI SEX REVERSAL SYNDROMES AND INTERSEXA. XX MALE CONDITIONS AND CAH RELATED INTERSEXB. XY FEMALE CONDITIONS AND AIS RELATED INTERSEXXII PENILE AND VAGINAL DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS AND THE SURGICAL STANDARD OFTREATMENTXIII EXAMPLES OF SOME OTHER INTERSEX CONDITIONSDETAILED TOPICAL INDEXSECTION IAN INTRODUCTION TO THE BIOLOGY OF SEX DIFFERENTIATION AND THE ROLE OFNEUROENDOCRINOLOGY IN SEX DIMORPHIC BEHAVIORI A. SOME DEFINITIONS, SOURCES AND EXPERTS1 MIT DEFINITION OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY, AND A LIST OF PUBLICATIONS2 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, HORMONES, BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR IN VERTEBRATES3 VOLUMES ON HORMONES, BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR EDITED BY J. BALTHAZART4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 5th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HORMONES, BRAIN ANDBEHAVIOR5 EXAMPLES OF SEX RELATED NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY STUDIES, FROM A LIST OFPUBLICATIONS ON REVIEWED JOURNALS, ALESSANDRA D. GENAZZANI6 TEXT REFERENCE \"HORMONALLY INDUCED CHANGES IN MIND & BRAIN \" BY J.SCHULKINI B. THE INCREASE OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS IN THE ENVIRONMENT, AND THEIRGROWING INFLUENCE ON ALL SPECIES, INCLUDING HUMAN SEX DIFFERENTIATION7 THE USA NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE SIS SOURCE, AND SIS TOXNET DART /DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY INFORMATION SERVICE8 MEDLINE REFERENCE TO THE ENDOCRINOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENSENDOCRINE SOCIETY ETC. RESOURCES9 NATIONAL WOMEN \'S HEALTH INFORMATION CENTER REFERENCE SHEET ONENVIRONMENTAL HORMONES10 THE ENDOCRINE SOCIETY, PATIENT FACT SHEET ON THE HUMAN HEALTH DANGERS OFENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS, \"FEMINIZATION OF MALE OFFSPRING \" ETC.11 EXAMPLE ; TOPICAL SEARCH, HEALTH EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS12 REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS, DR. EARL GRAY, USA, EPA13 ENDOCRINOLOGY INTEREST GROUP PRESENTATION, ACTH AND PHENOTYPICHETEROGENEITY14 TULANE UNIVERSITY, EMERGING FIELD OF STUDY, ENVIRONMENTAL ENDOCRINEDISRUPTERS15 TURKU UNIVERSITY, FINLAND, SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION AND ENVIRONMENTALENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS16 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS, HEALTH DANGERS17 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS AND INTERSEXI C. SEX HORMONES, NEUROLOGY AND BEHAVIOR18 SEX HORMONE MODULATION OF NEURAL DEVELOPMENT IN VITRO19 ROLE OF HORMONES IN SEX DIFFERENTIATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INANIMAL AND MAN20 TEXT REFERENCE, SEX-REVERSED GENE Sxr IN MAMMALS21 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, HORMONAL MECHANISMS OF COOPERATIVE BREEDING INPRIMATES22 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, HORMONAL MECHANISMS OF COOPERATIVE BREEDING INMAMMALS23 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, XY FEMALES / SEX REVERSAL24 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, HORMONES AND PAIRING / PARTNER PREFERENCE etc.25 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, HORMONES, SEX DIFFERENTIATION AND BEHAVIOR26 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, CHROMOSOMES AND INTERSEX27 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, OVOTESTESSECTIONS II THROUGH VIIANIMAL STUDIES, SEX DIFFERENTIATION AND BEHAVIOR, SEX REVERSAL AND INTERSEXSECTION IICHROMOSOMES, HORMONES, BODY AND BEHAVIOR IN COLD BLOODED SPECIES1 XX - TO - MALE SEX REVERSAL IN SALMON2 XY - TO - FEMALE SEX REVERSAL IN MEDAKA3 XX AND XY DISORDERS FROM HORMONE EXPOSURE IN MEDAKA4 DDT- BASED ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS CAUSE INTERSEX IN MEDAKA5 THE SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC BRAIN STRUCTURES OF GOLDFISH6 EFFLUENT IN RIVER ESTROGENIZES FISH7 TEXT REFERENCE, \"ATYPICAL MODES OF REPRODUCTION IN FISH \"8 NEMATODE INTERSEX AND SEX REVERSAL9 \"AMPHIBIAN SEX DETERMINATION AND SEX REVERSAL \"10 TURTLE HORMONES AND INTERSEX11 ESTRODIAL CAUSES SEX REVERSAL IN GECKOS, TURTLES AND ALLIGATORSSECTION IIICHROMOSOMES, HORMONES, BODY AND BEHAVIOR IN AVIAN SPECIES1 JAPANESE QUAIL, FINCHES ETC., J. BALTHAZART ET. AL. PUBLICATIONS2 POST-NATAL DEMASCULINIZATION OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR3 CONTAMINANTS AND FEMINIZATION IN COMMON TERNS4 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, ZEBRA FINCH SEX DIMORPHIC BEHAVIOR5 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, SEX REVERSAL AND SAME-SEX PARTNERING IN ZEBRAFINCHES6 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, SEX REVERSAL IN FOWL7 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, SEX REVERSAL CHICKEN8 XX - TO - MALE SEX REVERSAL IN CHICKENS9 SEX REVERSAL IN CHICKEN GONADS10 TEXT REFERENCE, OVARY TRANSFORMATION INTO FERTILE TESTES IN XX FOWL11 TEXT REFERENCE, \"GROUP SEX RATIO AND SEX REVERSAL \"12 TEXT REFERENCE, \"SPONTANEOUS \" SEX REVERSAL, MALE BIRD GONAD CULTURE13 \"SEX REVERSAL IN BIRDS \"SECTION IVCHROMOSOMES, HORMONES, BODY AND BEHAVIOR IN RODENT SPECIES1 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, MICE SEX REVERSAL2 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, MICE SEX REVERSAL3 FETAL ESTROGENS EFFECT BEHAVIOR OF ADULT MALE MICE4 XY FEMALE MICE OUT- BREED XX FEMALES OF A. AZARAE5 MALE COPULATORY BEHAVIOR IN ANDROGENIZED XX MICE6 ERROR, SAME PAGE AS ABOVE7 FETAL HORMONE EFFECTS ON SEX BEHAVIOR AND AGGRESSION IN MICE8 TEXT REFERENCE, MALE COPULATORY RESPONSE PATTERN IN MASCULINIZED XXHAMSTERS9 PRENATAL HORMONES ORGANIZE SEX DIFFERENCES, OBSERVATIONS ON GUINEAPIGS AND NONHUMAN PRIMATES10 SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE RAT BRAIN11 SLOS DISORDERS OF MASCULINIZATION, AN ANIMAL MODEL, RATS12 EARLY ANDROGEN SYNDROME IN FEMALE AND MALE RATS13 SEXUAL ORIENTATION, PROCEPTIVITY, AND RECEPTIVITY IN THE MALE RAT AS AFUNCTION OF NEONATAL HORMONAL MANIPULATION14 TEXT REFERENCE, \"HORMONAL CONTROL OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEXUAL BEHAVIORIN ANDROGEN-INSENSITIVE (TFM) RATS \"15 NEONATALLY ANDROGENIZED XX RATS DISPLAY MALE-LIKE MOUNTING, INTROMISSIONAND EJACULATION PATTERNSSECTION VCHROMOSOMES, HORMONES, BODY AND BEHAVIOR IN CANINE AND OTHER CARNIVOROUSMAMMALIAN SPECIES1 XX FERRETS \' BEHAVIOR MASCULINIZED BY FETAL ANDROGENS2 SEX BEHAVIOR OF FEMALE FERRETS MASCULINIZED BY FETAL ANDROGENS3 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, INTERSEX IN DOGS, GENETIC AND HORMONAL4 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, INTERSEX IN DOGS AND CATS, HORMONES ETC.5 \"TRUE HERMAPHRODITE \" DOGS (MIXED GONADS)6 SEX-REVERSED TRAITS ACTIVATED BY HORMONE IN XX HYENAS7 TEXT REFERENCE, \"CHROMOSOME STUDIES IN 14 CASES OF INTERSEX INDOMESTIC MAMMALS \"8 TEXT REFERENCE, \"USE OF THE SEX-REVERSED GENE (Sxr) TO INVESTIGATEFUNCTIONAL SEX REVERSAL AND GONADAL DETERMINATION IN MAMMALS \"SECTION VICHROMOSOMES, HORMONES, BODY AND BEHAVIOR IN BOVINE AND OTHER SPECIES1 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, EFFECTS OF PRENATAL ANDROGENS ON XX SHEEP2 TEXT REFERENCE, PRENATAL TESTOSTERONE COMPLETELY MASCULINIZES XXOFFSPRING3 HORMONES AND 5 INTERSEX PIGS WITH OVOTESTES4 XY SEX-REVERSED FEMALE PIGS5 BOVINE XY SEX-REVERSED FEMALESECTION VIICHROMOSOMES, HORMONES, BODY AND BEHAVIOR IN PRIMATES1 A SOURCE REFERENCE, U. S. NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH, PRIMATOLOGISTLUCI R. ROBERTS, AREA OF INTEREST, BEHAVIORAL ENDOCRINOLOGY ETC., INMARMOSETS2 MARSUPIAL SEX REVERSAL3 \"THE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR OF THE PRIMATES \"4 CHILDREN AND MONKEY COGNATE GENDER DIFFERENCES5 GENITAL AND BEHAVIORAL MASCULINIZATION IN XX RHESUS IS INDEPENDENT6 PRENATAL ANDROGENS MASCULINIZE XX RHESUS JUVENILE PLAY BEHAVIOR7 THE SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC BRAIN IN MACAQUES8 POSTNATAL TESTOSTERONE AFFECTS PENILE GROWTH, BUT NOT BEHAVIOR9 XX RHESUS HERMAPHRODITES ACHIEVE INTROMISSION AND EJACULATION, BUT MAYALSO RESPOND TO ESTROGENIZATION.10 MIXED RESULTS IN HORMONE STUDY OF 22 ADULT RHESUS11 MALE-TYPICAL BEHAVIOR IN PRENATALLY ANDROGENIZED XX RHESUS COMPARED TO \"LOWER MAMMALS \"12 SEXUALLY FUNCTIONAL XX MALE RHESUS WITH VAGINOPLASTY RESPONSIVE TO MALE( compiler \'s note, this is one of the animal studies in this survey that Ifind particularly immoral )13 PRENATAL TESTOSTERONE EFFECTS ON JUVENILE MACAQUE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR14 PRENATAL ANDROGEN EXPOSURE AND MASCULINE ADULT BEHAVIOR, RHESUS15 BOTH INFANT AND ADULT DIMORPHIC BEHAVIORS ORGANIZED BY PRENATAL ACTIONSOF ANDROGEN16 PRENATAL ENDOCRINE FACTORS IN BEHAVIORAL DIFFERENTIATION OF MALE ANDFEMALE RHESUS17 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, PRIMATE SEX LINKED BEHAVIOR18 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, PRIMATE SEX LINKED BEHAVIOR19 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, PRIMATE SEX LINKED BEHAVIORSECTIONS VIII THROUGH XIIIHUMAN STUDIES, SEX DIFFERENTIATION AND BEHAVIOR, SEX REVERSAL AND INTERSEXSECTION VIIICHROMOSOMES, HORMONES, BODY AND BEHAVIOR IN THE HUMAN SPECIESVIII A. SOME DEFINITIONS, SOURCES AND EXPERTS1 MEDICAL EXPERTISE AVAILABLE, NORTH AMERICAN TASK FORCE ONINTERSEXUALITY2 INTERSEX SOCIETY OF NORTH AMERICA INFORMATION SHEET...HOW COMMON ISINTERSEXUALITY ? STATISTICS, TOTALS RANGE FROM 1/100 to 1-2/1000 BIRTHS3. a INTERSEX SOCIETY OF NORTH AMERICA MISSION STATEMENT, EXAMPLE OF NEWINTERSEX SUPPORT GROUPS AND RIGHTS ACTIVISM b \"INTERSEX IN THE AGE OF ETHICS \" ALICE DOMURAT DREGER, Ph. D. c ISNA INFORMATION SHEET, INTERSEXUALITY AND THE LAW d SEPARATE ADDITIONAL FOLDER, ARTICLE REPRINTS4 ISNA NOTES ON THE TREATMENT OF INTERSEX AND \'PHALL-O-METER \'5 CHANGING THE NOMENCLATURE/TAXONOMY FOR INTERSEX: A PROPOSAL SUBMITTEDTO THE NORTH AMERICAN TASK FORCE ON INTERSEXVIII B. CHROMOSOMES AND SEX DIFFERENTIATION, SEX REVERSAL AND INTERSEX6 THE NEED FOR CHROMOSOMAL ANALYSIS IN ALL PATIENTS WITH BILATERAL ORUNILATERAL CRYPTORCHIDISM7 DAX 1 IN MAMMALIAN SEX DETERMINATION8 MAMMALIAN SEX DIFFERENTIATION FROM GONADS TO BRAIN9 SOMATIC MOSAICISM AND VARIABLE EXPRESSIVITY10 INTERSEX STATES 27-100% IN HYPOSPADIAS AND CRYPTORCHIDISM, GENERALCHROMOSOMAL SCREENING NOT FOUND NECESSARY11 GENOTYPE MAY NOT PREDICT PHENOTYPE12 FREQUENCY OF GENETIC ANOMALIES IN INFERTILITY, (INCLUDING XY WOMEN)13 US SURVEY CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS14 CHROMOSOMAL ANALYSIS OF 894 PATIENTS15 INCIDENCE OF MOSAICISM, CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING16 CHROMOSOMAL VARIANTS AMONG 1790 INFERTILE MEN17 CARRIERS OF 21-HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY, ACTH ADRENAL TESTS18 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, INTERSEX TURNER \'S SYNDROMEVIII C. INTERSEX, GENDER IDENTITY, BEHAVIOR AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION19 \"SEXUAL ORIENTATION TOWARD BIOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDING \" EDITED BY LEE ELLISAND LINDA EBERTZ...SELECTED PRESENTATIONS FROM THE \"FIRST INTERNATIONALBEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT SYMPOSIUM: BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF SEXUAL ORIENTATIONAND SEX-TYPICAL BEHAVIOR \"20 \"COGNITIVE GENDER DIFFERENCES IN VERY YOUNG CHILDREN PARALLELBIOLOGICALLY BASED COGNITIVE GENDER DIFFERENCES IN MONKEYS \"21 GENDER IDENTITY ACHIEVED AT ABOUT 2 YEARS OF AGE22 NORMAL SEXUAL DIMORPHISM OF THE HUMAN BRAIN AS ASSESSED BY MRI23 SEX DIFFERENTIATION IN BRAIN MATURATION, AN MRI STUDY24 THE ROLE OF HORMONES IN THE SEX DIFFERENTIATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUSSYSTEM IN ANIMAL AND MAN, FETAL ANDROGENS MASCULINIZE XX BEHAVIOR, BUT OTHERFACTORS HAVE INFLUENCE TOO25 SEX ASSIGNMENT AND GENDER IDENTITY, INTERSEX AND GENDER IDENTITYDISORDERS (GID) ARE DIFFERENT DX26 ASSIGNMENT OF SEX IN NEONATES WITH AMBIGUOUS GENITALIA27 TEXT REFERENCE, RE: EDITORIAL - GENDER ASSIGNMENT AND THE PEDIATRICUROLOGIST28 TEXT REFERENCE, THE INTERSEX INFANT: EARLY GENDER ASSIGNMENT ANDSURGICAL RECONSTRUCTION29 TEXT REFERENCE, TO BE MALE OR FEMALE -THAT IS THE QUESTION30 MASCULINIZING OPERATION FOR A 25 YEAR OLD \'FEMALE \' WITH CAH ( \"PENILEERECTION \" IN XX MAN)31 13 YEAR OLD XY INTERSEX REJECTS FEMALE SEX ASSIGNMENT AND UNDERGOES SEXCHANGE ( \"GENDER IDENTITY REVERSAL \" !) TO MALE32 SEXUAL BEHAVIORS, SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER IDENTITY IN ADULTINTERSEXUALS: A PILOT STUDY33 GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER (GID) AND MAL ADJUSTMENT IN AN INTERSEX CHILDASSIGNED FEMALE34 LONG TERM PSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF INTERSEX CHILDREN35 PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATION OF 39 ADOLESCENTS WITH SEX CHROMOSOMALABNORMALITIES36 THE CONCEPT OF GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCEAFTER 39 YEARS37 GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER: A REVIEW OF THE LAST 10 YEARS38 CASE STUDY: SEX REASSIGNMENT IN A TEENAGE INTERSEX GIRL WHO DECLAREDHIMSELF MALE AT THE AGE OF 1439 GID TRANSEXUALISM IN FEMALE MONOZYGOTIC TWINS...GENETIC BASIS IN THISCASE ?40 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, INTERSEXUALITY, GENDER ASSIGNMENT, GID41 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, GID, TRANSEXUALISM, HERMAPHRODITISM42 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, INTERSEX AND GID43 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, INTERSEX AND TRANSGENDERED SUPPORT GROUPS44 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, INTERSEX HUMANSECTIONS IX THROUGH XIIISPECIFIC HUMAN INTERSEX AND NATURAL SEX REVERSAL CONDITIONSSECTION IXKLINEFELTER SYNDROME1 EXCERPT, A GUIDE FOR XXY MALES AND THEIR FAMILIES2 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, KLINEFELTERS SYNDROME FREQUENCY3 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, KLINEFELTERS SYNDROMESECTION X \'TRUE \' HERMAPHRODITISM (TH)1 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, TRUE HERMAPHRODITISM CLINICAL FEATURES,GENETIC VARIANTS, GONADAL HISTOLOGY2 409 CASES REVIEWED, COMMON TYPES, XX TYPE 54% MALE PHENOTYPE, XX TYPE46% FEMALE PHENOTYPE3 41 CASES REVIEWED, 25 RAISED AS MALES, 16 RAISED AS FEMALES4 XX MALES, GENETIC HETEROGENEITY IN TRUE HERMAPHRODITES5 SEX ASSIGNMENT OF 8 TRUE HERMAPHRODITES6 PROBLEMS OF DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT IN OLDER TH PATIENTS7 ADULT MALE DIAGNOSED AS XX TH8 16 CASES OF TH, CLINICAL ASPECTS AND MOLECULAR STUDIES9 20 YEAR OLD PHENOTYPICAL WOMAN WITH OVOTESTES10 PREGNANCY IN A 19 YEAR OLD TH11 PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH IN A 25 YEAR OLD TH12 NET SEARCH, BIOGRAPHY OF A TRUE HERMAPHRODITE ACTIVISTSECTION XIBIOLOGICAL SEX REVERSAL SYNDROMES AND INTERSEXXI A. XX SEX-REVERSED MALE CONDITIONS AND CAH-RELATED INTERSEXXI A. 1-8, SUBSECTION - XX SEX-REVERSED MALES, REPRESENTATIVE CASES1 25 CLASS-3 XX MALES STUDIED2 XX MALE INFANT, TESTICLES AND MALE PHENOTYPE3 37 YEAR OLD XX MAN SEEKS TREATMENT FOR INFERTILITY4 TWO COMPLETE, ONE PARTIAL XX MALE SEX REVERSAL CASES5 32 YEAR OLD PHENOTYPICALLY NORMAL MAN SEEKS TREATMENT FOR INFERTILITY,DIAGNOSED AS XX SEX-REVERSED MALE6 XX MALE SEX REVERSAL, SIGNALING MOLECULE Wnt-4 IN MICE AND HUMAN XX ANDXY SEX REVERSAL7 TEXT REFERENCE, THE XX MALE SYNDROME8 15 YEAR OLD XX MALE, FETAL ANDROGENIZATION TRACED TO MOTHER \'S ADRENALCORTICAL TUMORXI A. 9-15, SUBSECTION - XX MASCULINIZATION DUE TO FETAL ANDROGENS9 BEHAVIORAL MASCULINIZATION IS INDEPENDENT OF GENITAL MASCULINIZATION...RHESUS STUDY INCLUDED HERE DUE TO PARALLELS IN ALL RELATED HUMAN STUDIESSHOWING TWO DIFFERENT CRITICAL PERIODS IN XX FETAL DEVELOPMENT, ONEGENITAL, ONE NEUROLOGICAL10 PRENATAL SEX HORMONES AND GENDER TYPICAL / ATYPICAL PLAY IN HUMANCHILDREN AND OTHER MAMMALS11 PRENATAL ANDROGEN EFFECTS ON MASCULINE AND FEMININE LESBIAN BEHAVIOR12 PRENATAL HORMONES, SEX-ROLE, SEX IDENTITY AND ORIENTATION13 22 PRENATALLY ANDROGENIZED WOMEN STUDIED, SIGNIFICANT GENDERDIFFERENCES OBSERVED14 PRENATAL DES EXPOSURE MAY EFFECT BISEXUAL ORIENTATION15 PRENATAL DES MASCULINIZES LOWER MAMMALS, BUT AT LOW DOSES DOES NOT SEEMTO EFFECT HUMANSXI A. 16-42, SUBSECTION - XX MALES AND CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA (CAH)RELATED CONDITIONS16 51 CVAH PATIENTS REVIEWED, 45 MANAGED AS FEMALE AND 6 AS MALE17 2 XX CAH MALES WITH COMPLETE MASCULINIZATION OF EXTERNAL GENITALIA18 TEXT REFERENCE, CAH AND COMPLETE MASCULINIZATION AS ALTERNATIVE DX19 XX PRENATAL ANDROGEN EFFECTS ON COGNITION, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES20 DISORDERS OF GONADAL DIFFERENTIATION21 35 XX CAH FEMALES \' BEHAVIOR COMPARED TO 16 NORMAL SISTERS, RESULTSCONFIRM DIFFERENT CRITICAL PRENATAL PERIODS FOR GENITAL AND BEHAVIORALMASCULINIZATION (compare to rhesus study above, this, XI A. 9 )22 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, FEMINIZING GENITOPLASTY / VAGINAL CONSTRUCTION23 TEXT REFERENCE, GENDER IDENTITY IN FEMALE PATIENTS WITH CAH24 SW AND SV XX CAH PATIENTS COMPARED FOR MASCULINIZATION OF BEHAVIOR,RESULTS CONFIRM EFFECTS OF TWO DIFFERENT CRITICAL PRENATAL HORMONALENVIRONMENT PERIODS25 34 CAH FEMALES COMPARED TO 14 CONTROL SISTERS FOR SEXUAL BEHAVIOR ANDORIENTATION, RESULTS CONFIRM PRENATAL HORMONE - HOMOSEXUAL LINK26 33 XX FEMALE CAH PATIENTS COMPARED TO 14 CONTROL SISTERS, PRENATALANDROGENIZATION EFFECTS CONFIRMED IN BODY POSITIONING AND MOVEMENT27 4 XX CAH FEMALES AGES 28-30 CHOOSE MALE GENDER REASSIGNMENT (This study,like some others provided in this survey, shows a biased interpretation ofresults.)28 90% CORRELATION OF PRENATAL ANDROGEN EXPOSURE TO SEX DIMORPHIC PLAY INCHILDREN29 GENDER LABELS AND PLAY STYLES IN CHILDREN \'S SELECTION OF PLAYMATES,MALES CHOOSE FEMALES WITH MASCULINE PLAY STYLES OVER MALES WITH FEMININEPLAY STYLES, ETC.30 EFFECTS OF PRENATAL ANDROGEN ON THE PSYCHOSEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF XXCAH FEMALES31 23 XX CAH FEMALES IN SYSTEMATIC BEHAVIORAL STUDY, RESULTS CONFIRMPRENATAL MASCULINIZATION OF BEHAVIOR32 EARLY ANDROGEN EFFECTS ON AGGRESSION, RESULTS CONFIRM CAH FEMALES \'HIGHER ( MASCULINE) AGGRESSION SCORES IN ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS.33 24 XX CAH GIRLS AND 18 XY CAH BOYS COMPARED WITH 40 CONTROLS FORSEX-TYPED ACTIVITY AND OCCUPATION PREFERENCES, RESULTS REFLECT DIRECTEFFECTS OF ANDROGENS ON THE DEVELOPING BRAIN34 ANDROGEN AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN SEX-TYPICAL BEHAVIOR, MASCULINIZEDCAH GIRLS35 LONG TERM EFFECTS OF PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL ANDROGENS, AND OTHERFACTORS, ON THE LOW RATES OF CHILD-BEARING IN XX CAH FEMALES, INCREASEDRATE OF BI AND HOMOSEXUAL ORIENTATION DISCUSSED, AND ADULT CHOICE OF GENDERREASSIGNMENT TO MALE MENTIONED (This paper has a reference section)36 48 XX CAH FEMALES EVALUATED FOR GENITAL SURGERY RESULTS, SECOND SURGERYNECESSARY IN 30 % OF CASES (Bias evident in positive interpretation ofresults)XI A. 16-42, SUBSECTION - CONTINUED37 7 XX PATIENTS, 4 REARED AS GIRLS, AND 3 AS BOYS, STUDIED FORPSYCHO-SEXUAL OUT-COME, AUTHORS PREFER FEMALE ASSIGNMENT IN CASE OF SMALLPENIS38 13 OUT OF 14 XX CAH FEMALES NEED ADDITIONAL SURGERY, \"DISAPPOINTINGRESULTS \" OF EARLY VAGINOPLASTY39 49 PATIENTS WITH FEMINIZING GENITOPLASTY HAVE \"SUCCESSFUL COSMETIC ANDEARLY FUNCTIONAL RESULTS \"... BUT SHOULD BE EVALUATED AFTER PUBERTY AND INADULTHOOD (Shows the profound non-patient centered bias of the authors)40 OUTCOME OF CAH This study shows bias in the choice of subjects,including no intersex or male self-identified subjects. Authors concluded(despite 66.7 % singleness), that there was no increased homosexualpreference.41 BENEFITS OF NEONATAL SCREENING FOR CAH, STATISTICS SHOW DECREASEDMORTALITY DUE TO ADRENAL CRISIS, BUT NO IMPROVEMENT IN THE NUMBER (17 %) OFXX INFANTS INITIALLY CONSIDERED TO BE BOYS, ROUTINE SCREENING ADVISED42 150 CAH PATIENTS REVIEWED, 67 XY AND 83 XX, PREVALENCE IN GENERALPOPULATION 1 IN 11,500, GENDER ASSIGNMENT A \"MAJOR PROBLEM \" IN 38 OF 57 XXPATIENTS, 15 CONSIDERED MALE FOR OVER A MONTH, PRIOR TO CAH DIAGNOSISXI A., 43-48, SUBSECTION - PREVALENCE OF CAH, SCREENING RECOMMENDATIONS ANDTOPICAL SEARCHES43 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, NEONATAL SCREENING FOR CAH, AND RESULTS OFSCREENING 1.9 MILLION TEXAS NEWBORNS...1 IN 16,00844 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, GENDER ASSIGNMENT AND SURGERY IN XX CAH45 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA MALES SEXREVERSAL46 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, CAH MALES, LONG TERM OUTCOMES47 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, ANDROGENS AND GENDER IDENTITY, SURGERY, ANDGENDER ROLE BEHAVIOR IN XX CAH PATIENTS48 CAH XX PATIENTS AND EARLY ANDROGEN EFFECTS ON SEX-TYPED ACTIVITIES,SEXUAL IDENTITY, ETC.XI B. XY SEX-REVERSED FEMALE, MALE UTERUS CONDITIONS AND AIS-RELATEDINTERSEX CONDITIONSXI B. 1-14, SUBSECTION - XY SEX-REVERSED FEMALES AND OTHER INTERSEXCONDITIONS1 TWO SUCCESSFUL PREGNANCIES IN AN XY SEX-REVERSED FEMALE PATIENT2 UTERINE STRUCTURES IN 2 PHENOTYPIC XY MEN3 UTERINE STRUCTURE IN A 32 YEAR OLD XY HERMAPHRODITE4 UTERUS AND FALLOPIAN TUBES IN PHENOTYPICALLY NORMAL XY MEN, MOLECULARSTUDIES IDENTIFY BASIS OF CONDITION IN 32 FAMILIES5 10 YEAR OLD GIRL GROWS PHALLUS, GENETIC STUDY REVEALS XY KARYOTYPE6 ABNORMAL INTERCHANGE BETWEEN X AND Y RESPONSIBLE FOR 1/3 OF (Y+) XX MALEAND (Y-) XY FEMALE SEX REVERSALS7 GENETIC HETEROGENEITY AND PHENOTYPIC VARIABILITY IN XY SEX REVERSAL8 22 XY SEX-REVERSED FEMALES, GENETIC ANALYSIS9 2 XY SEX-REVERSED FEMALES, GENETIC ANALYSIS COMPARES PRIMATE SEXREVERSAL GENES10 GENETIC HETEROGENEITY IN 6 XY PHENOTYPIC SEX-REVERSED FEMALES11 49 SUBJECTS WITH VARYING DEGREES OF XY SEX REVERSAL STUDIED12 10 YEAR OLD WITH MULTIPLE DEFORMITIES FOUND TO BE XY SEX-REVERSED13 XY FEMALE SEX REVERSAL, KEY GENES IN HUMANS AND MICE14 TEXT REFERENCE, SEX REVERSAL AND DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA IN PHENOTYPICALLYFEMALE SIBLINGS WITH NORMAL XY CHROMOSOMESXI B. 15-18, SUBSECTION - MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS OF MASCULINIZATION15 CANCER RISK IN INTERSEX TESTES (Reason for preventative gonadectomies)16 XY FEMINIZED BOYS, EFFECTS OF PRENATAL METHADONE ON SEX-DIMORPHICBEHAVIOR IN EARLY SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN17 AN ANIMAL MODEL OF SLOS DISORDERS OF MASCULINIZATION18 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, GENES IN HUMAN AND MAMMALIAN SEX DETERMINATIONXI B. 19-24, SUBSECTION - XY FEMALES AND ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME(AIS)19 PHENOTYPE VARIATION IN A FAMILY WITH AIS20 PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY IN A KINDRED WITH AIS21 XY FEMALE, A CASE REPORT OF COMPLETE AIS22 EMOTIONAL REACTIONS TO DIAGNOSIS OF AIS, 20 PATIENTS, 19 RAISED ASGIRLS, SHOCK, GRIEF ANGER AND SHAME23 COMPLETE AIS, 14 XY WOMEN SATISFIED WITH HAVING BEEN RAISED AS FEMALES,AUTHORS NOTE INTERSEX CARE CONTROVERSY24 TEXT REFERENCE, MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM DUE TO ANDROGENINSENSITIVITYXI B. 25 and 26, SUBSECTION - AIS SUPPORT GROUP, PERSONAL TESTIMONY FROMAIS WOMEN AND MISCELLANEOUS SEARCH25 THE ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME SUPPORT GROUP, SHERRI \'S STORY,PERSONAL STORIES OF 35 PEOPLE LIVING WITH AIS (Permission to usecopyrighted material and personal stories)26 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, COMPLETE ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROMESECTION XIIPENILE CONDITIONS, FEMALE ASSIGNMENT AND PENILE CONSTRUCTION1 HYPOSPADIAS IN MEN AND BOYS, ESTIMATES RANGING FROM 1 PER 100 TO 1 PER1000 IN GENERAL POPULATION, ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS RESPONSIBLE FORDOUBLING OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS OVER THE PAST 25 YEARS ? TREATMENTRECOMMENDATIONS2 TEXT REFERENCE, MICROPENIS: SURVEY OF 88 CASES3 TEXT REFERENCE, SHOULD BOYS WITH MICROPENIS BE RAISED AS GIRLS ?4 MOST CHILDREN WITH MICROPENIS RESPOND TO TESTOSTERONE TREATMENT, THUSSEXUAL REASSIGNMENT NOT INDICATED5 WHEN MICROPENIS RESPONDS TO TESTOSTERONE TREATMENT, SURGICAL SEXREVERSAL IS NOT INDICATED6 MICROPENIS IN CHILDREN: ETIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY7 FEMALE GENDER ASSIGNMENT GOAL OF TREATMENT FOR PENILE AGENESIS8 WHAT IF PARENTS DON \'T WANT THEIR MICROPENIS BOY SURGICALLY FEMINIZED ?ETHICAL CONFLICTS REGARDING PARENTS WHO REFUSE TO PROCEED WITH FEMALE GENDERREASSIGNMENT FOR THEIR INTERSEX XY BABY9 VAGINAL CONSTRUCTION IN CHILDREN, 20 PATIENTS EVALUATED10 DIAGNOSIS AND CURRENT TREATMENT OF PENILE AGENESIS, FEMALE ASSIGNMENTAND VAGINAL CONSTRUCTION RECOMMENDED11 PENILE AGENESIS, FATAL VARIATION INCOMPATIBLE WITH EXTRA UTERINE LIFE12 SRD52A GENE MUTATIONS SPAN WHOLE RANGE OF PHENOTYPES FROM COMPLETELYFEMALE TO NORMAL MALE WITHOUT DISTINCTIVE CLINICAL SIGNS OF THE DISEASE13 PHALLIC CONSTRUCTION IN PREPUBERTAL AND ADOLESCENT BOYS14 PHALLIC CONSTRUCTION IN A 65 YEAR OLD MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITE15 PENILE RECONSTRUCTION, PHALLIC CONSTRUCTION AND URETHRAL RECONSTRUCTION,FOREARM FLAPS AND SKIN ISLANDS16 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, MICROPENIS AND RELATED DISORDERSSECTION XIIITURNER \'S SYNDROME AND OTHER INTERSEX CONDITIONS1 TURNER \'S SYNDROME CLINICAL STUDIES AT THE US NATIONAL INSTITUTES OFHEALTH2 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, TURNER \'S SYNDROME SEX3 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, TURNER \'S SYNDROME SEX, MOSAICS, PHENOTYPE4 EMMA, A XY/XO MOSAIC HERMAPHRODITE5 OEIS COMPLEX - A POPULATION STUDY, 5,260 INFANTS IDENTIFIED END OF TOPICAL INDEXCOPYRIGHT DAVID M. SHERMAN, AUGUST 2000bhakti.eohn@verizon.net********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************Considering Same Sex Attraction, Masculine Females and Feminine males,Aggression, Sex-signaling Responses etc. SELECTIONS FROM THE PLANNEDSECTION ON GENDER IDENTITY AND SEXUAL ORIENTATIONModern Biology and the Concept of \'Sex \'Improving Our Understanding of Intersex Conditions andHomosexual Behaviorby His Holiness Bhakti Ananda GoswamiDefining \'Intersexuality \' and \'Homosexuality \'There is not a single biological cause or mechanism for the greatmultiplicity of biological intersex conditions. Neither is there a singlecause or mechanism for all \'same-sex \' attractions or \'sexual orientations. \'It is correct to state that the origin or cause of homosexuality in allcases has not been proven, but it is also correct to state that the basicbiology of sex differentiation, sexual behavior, sex signaling and partnerpreference has been conclusively proven. In fact, the causes for many sexdifferentiation and sex-dimorphic behavioral variations are very well knownto biologists. The problem is that the too general term \'intersex \' isanalogous to the too general term \'homosexual \' in that both attempt todescribe a class of people that contain individuals with radically differentconditions. In fact, among intersexed persons some of the most common formsare almost biologically opposite syndromes (C-AIS XY sex-reversed femalesand C-CAH XX sex-reversed males). In the same way, same-sex attractions orsexual orientations or acts are not a simple single syndrome that can begiven a single definition and found to have a single cause and end. Just asit is a disservice and would be medical malpractice to lump all intersexedpersons together, giving them all the same diagnosis and attempting to treatthem all the same, it is equally erroneous and damaging to \'homosexuals \' and \'lesbians \' to lump them all together, giving them the same diagnosis and \'treatment \'. There is a vast difference between the sexually receptivehomosexual acts of a fetally hyper-estrogenized, feminized XY person, andthe dominance aggression-motivated \'alpha male \' raping behavior of a prisongang leader, who actually has no sexual attraction towards men ! Betweenthese extremes of often hyper-androgenized Alpha Male aggression and fetallyhyper estrogenized XY feminine sexual receptivity, there is an enormousrange of complex neuro-physiological and affective / emotional andpsychological conditions. So, the question is not as simple as \'is it achoice? \' First \'it \' must be defined. When this is properly done, then thetoo-general question becomes specific questions, and the answers arespecific to the specific syndrome and individual condition(s). In someconditions \'homosexuality \' is absolutely not a choice. In others itabsolutely is the result of choice. In-between, there are a full range ofunique situations that combine various degrees of physical, emotional andmoral/ethical or religious freedom and \'choice. \' Christian love and justiceboth require us to consider each precious person in their own uniqueincarnation as a loved, lovable and potentially loving child of God.Therefore we cannot practice Christian charity if we lump all \'different \'people in-together and deny them our consideration, love and/or justice, dueto our hard-heartedness, self-righteousness or fear. While some humanconditions make people dangerous and are legitimately a cause for concern,most human differences do not make people dangerous, and are not any causefor fear. Intersexed and Gender Different (fetally neurologicallyandrogenized or estrogenized) People are not afflicted with conditions thatare contagious or dangerous to others.Furthermore, we should always remember that while our inherent attractionsmay not presently be subject to free choice, we still have choices when itcomes to our actions. This is generally true for everyone regardless ofsexual orientation. It is often not necessary or wise to act upon everyimpulse in life, and health, self-confidence and self-esteem are directlyrelated to a person \'s ability in self-control. At the same time, most of usshare a prolonged need to experience physical and emotional intimacy withothers in loving relationships that are both meaningful and satisfying. Todeny choice \'s freedom when it is a factor, or to deny biological compulsionand emotional needs when choice is not a factor, can be equally damaging tothe person. Still, the tragic arguments will go on with one side screaming \"choice! \' and the other side screaming \'not a choice! \', when the fact isthat for some people \'it \' is a choice and for others \'it \' is not. The realquestion is. what is \'it? \' A proper analysis of \'it \' results in moremeaningful and personally relevant questions and answers. Is \'it \' ourinherent gender identity ? Is \'it \' the way we are \'wired \' to respond tosex-signaling? Is \'it \' some learned behavior? Is \'it \' self-destructive,self-loathing or healthy and self-loving? Does \'it \' estrange us fromourselves, our families and society by anti-social behavior devoid of anysense of dignity and self-esteem? Does indulging \'it \' debase ourself orothers? Does \'it \' estrange us from God ? We must begin to carefullyexamine all of these \'its \' to sort out the characteristics we are born with,the ones we have acquired, the ones that are compatible with THE GREATDIGNITY OF THE HUMAN PERSON, and the ones that should be treated asdisordered (pedophilia, sado-masochism, pornography / voyerism, any form ofsexual exploitation etc,). The purpose of this paper is to begin tosort-out some of the identifiable conditions and syndromes, and to thusaddress the real human specificity of it all. Not all persons who have beenlabeled \'homosexual \' are the same. Not all \'homosexual \' acts are the same.Where is the line between a fetally androgenized XX person who identifies asa \'butch \' lesbian, and such a person who has been diagnosed as intersexed?People are precious, precious enough for GOD to die for. They deserve ourcareful and loving PERSONAL consideration in all things. Lumping themall-in-together under too-general labels does justice to no one, AND itleads to the mis- \'diagnoses \' and mal-treatment of everyone.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Understanding Sex Differentiation, Sex-Dimorphic Behavior, Gender Identityand Sexual OrientationThe first myth about human sexuality is that it is still a mystery, that thebiology of sex differentiation, sex-dimorphic (two sex) behavior, genderidentity and sexual orientation is not yet well understood. The pure scienceof the biology of sex and reproductive behaviors etc. has had vast energiesand resources put into it in the last century, and now the generalmechanisms of all the above sex-related elements of biology are extremelywell understood. From the sex differentiation and behavior of the smallestmicrobes to Homosapiens and the role of environmental estrogen-mimickingcompounds in the biosphere, the biological mechanisms of sex and sex-relatedbehavior are extremely well understood, often in great detail, species byspecies, in the scientific community. It is only when religious, moral,psychological, or social and civil law elements are introduced into thepicture that the clear truths of the sex-related \'laws of nature \' becomeobscured. Thus biologists can study and discuss the pervasive existence ofintersexuality, sex dimorphic dominance and submission behavior and evensame-sex pairing in nature, but the human race, both religious andnon-religious, has yet to even admit that intersexed humans exist. There areonly two legally recognized sexes in any nation, and the law must force anintersexed infant into one of these at birth, regardless of how physicallytraumatic or appropriate or not their hasty \'sex-assignment \' may turn out tobe.If the human race cannot face and deal humanely with its intersexed members,who clearly require the right to chose their legal identity and thus theiridentity-defined sexual \'orientation, \' then how can we expect the human raceto deal rationally with the religious, medical, moral/ethical andcivil/legal issues raised by homosexuality? The vast and in-depth learningof biologists has been allowed to benefit humanity in every other field, butwhen it comes to human sexuality there seems to be an inviolable wallkeeping the human race in the biological and medical 19th century. Bothreligious and civil authorities have refused to acknowledge the verifiable,universally accepted scientific facts of the basic biology of sex, and howthese facts are obviously connected to sex-related mechanisms, influencesand outcomes in human biology. Christian churches are not the onlyinstitutions avoiding the implications of the unquestionable truth of ourbiology, which has been proven beyond any doubt. There is no major religionor society or government that wants to deal with the facts. Medicine and lawdon \'t want to deal with the facts. Thus intersexed persons are fighting themedical and legal establishments for their most basic of human rights. Whydo I keep bringing up persons with anatomical or genetic intersexconditions? Think about this. Depending on how someone else sex-assigns theintersexed infant, they assign that baby to a life of being labeled aseither a heterosexual or homosexual person. It is, after all, how our ownsexuality is defined/assigned that determines whether our inherent sexualattraction will be considered \'same-sex \' or not!For many persons, the problem is not that their attraction/orientation iswrong, but that their religious and social/legal status is wrong. They havebeen simply wrongly assigned/defined throughout their lives by othersincluding doctors, clerics, parents, teachers and the civil/legalauthorities. Their \'homosexuality \' or \'lesbianism \' has been created bysomeone else \'s definition of them. How can this be? How can a person \'sessential sexuality and gender identity be mistaken? Very easily, in factbiology tells us that while there is distinctly masculine and feminine,defining male and female and assigning sex, especially at birth, is analtogether different challenge. None of the indicators that we have used todefine sex are 100% reliable! There are XY \'male \' animals and humans withvaginas and uteruses and XX \'female \' animals and humans with penises andtestes. There are individual animals and humans with both testes and ovariesand mixed ovotestes.. There are otherwise normal XX women who have been bornwith no vaginas and there are otherwise normal XY men who have been bornwithout penises. So if \'sex \' chromosomes, internal gonads or externalreproductive organs don \'t \'make \' us boys or girls, men or women, then whatdoes? And why should we be stuck in an at-birth sex assignment that maylater prove to be erroneous? Obviously, an educated guess will be made basedon observable parts at birth, but persons should always be given primacyover their mere parts in humane considerations. After all, medicine and lawexist to serve the best interests of persons, not disembodied impersonalparts.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------The Right to Sexual Self-DeterminationWhen people reach adulthood, they should have the right to definethemselves. A person is more than the sum of their parts. Even beforeadulthood, people still have fundamental human rights, and what could bemore essential that the right just to be? To attempt to force a physical(surgical and chemical) sex and a gender identity onto an infant is anabominable assault on its humanity. Similarly, to deny rational adultsaccess to surgical and chemical treatment for sex and gender differentiationdisorders is also abominable. In either case, precious human beings arebeing profoundly abused and denied their most basic of human rights in animpersonal system that gives primacy to parts over persons. Human dignitycannot be safeguarded when a person \'s essential right to be himself orherself is subject to being so violently assaulted. Parents, civilauthorities, religious authorities and doctors are permitted by law tosubject helpless, unconsenting intersex infants to sex-modifying andsex-changing surgeries, but they deny rational adults access to the sametreatments, when these are requested and appropriate medical interventionsfor insufferable sex differentiation conditions. How can we expectauthorities with such confused priorities to justly come to terms with theprofound errors in its entire method of assigning sex and thus determiningwhat is and isn \'t a \'same-sex \' orientation? If religions allow the medicalestablishment and civil authorities to assign someone \'s sex (and theyusually do), and the assignment proves wrong, then the medical and civilauthorities may have \'created \' a homosexual or lesbian. Will the clericsthen condemn such a person for their \'same-sex \' attraction and behavior?This question is not just an academic exercise. Countless intersexed personshave been wrongly assigned a sex at or after birth and subsequentlystigmatized as homosexuals or lesbians. The issue of the medical and civilrights and religious status of intersexed persons is a test case for allsex- and gender- different people because the issues are so much clearer inanatomical or genetic intersexuality than in the \'psychology \'-muddled debateover homosexuality, etc.Every entity, animal or human, is unique. By ignoring the great variety inreal-world human sex differentiation, religious, medical and civil/legalauthorities have conspired to violate the most basic human rights anddignity of sex- and gender-different minority persons. Biologically basedforms of homosexuality are part of the continuum of sex differentiation thatgenerally appears in all sexually dimorphic life forms. There is no questionthat this is true. The same mechanisms that cause sex differentiation in \'lower animals \' and other species also cause them in mankind. This is not aspeculation; it is an established and well-proven fact. Since sex-dimorphicbehavior in both social and solitary species is governed by the sameidentifiable biological mechanisms, and these mechanisms are also presentand function the same way in mankind, then it is a pathological denial ofthe real world to assert that these fundamental realities of natural law andscience have no bearing on human sexual behavior. So let us consider whatsome of these mechanisms are and how they do relate to human sexuality.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------My Personal Interest In All Of ThisBefore going further regarding the science of sex differentiation, I want tomake a statement about my personal interest in all of this. In addition tobeing a devout obedient Catholic, I am a sannyasi and a \"siksa \" orinstructing master and religious renunciate in a very ascetic bhakti yogatradition. I am strictly celibate and chaste, and I do not advocate any kindof illicit sex. Furthermore, it is unheard of for a master in the lineage Iam in to teach on such matters regarding sex. So at the risk of beingpublicly ostracized by other religious leaders in the tradition I belong to,why am I doing it? Why am I risking my good name for the possibility ofbeing misunderstood as some kind of \'tantric sex guru \' for speaking out onthese issues? The answer is simple. I love people, all people, and I amconcerned for their total spiritual and physical well-being, which involvesall of their pastoral needs including general health and medical care, theirphysical, mental, affective/emotional, character/developmental andeducational needs, and even their relational, familial, vocational, socialand civil/legal needs. I also have an extensive background in postgraduatelevel research and in medicine and human services. In addition, because Iwas born with a very rare intersexed condition myself, I have studied themechanisms of sex differentiation in great depth and I have known and havetried to be available to help many sex- and gender-different people over theyears in my various ministries. All of these factors have combined to giveme a unique fitness for my present service in the spiritual (and other) careof persons with unusual sex and gender- related challenges and problems. Howcould I not serve souls with my full knowledge, ability and strength? If myGod and Savior has called and fitted me to serve souls in some capacity, whoam I to refuse to do it? Thus I plan to continue to serve and give God \'slove and solace/comfort to all souls, regardless of their sexual identity ororientation. I cannot be more concerned about how this makes me look in somepeople \'s eyes than what my Lord requires of me in His service to sufferingsouls. So I will continue to publicly answer the sincere questions ofpersons concerned with these issues, regardless of whether it will be viewedas inappropriate for me as a sannyasi to do so.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Various Intersex ConditionsIntersexed animals and humans are usually non-reproductive and there aremany different intersex conditions that occur to various degrees in both.Some are caused internally in the fetus itself, as in Androgen InsensitivitySyndrome (AIS) and Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), the two most commontypes of serious human intersex conditions. In AIS, the XY=male chromosomesare \'normal, \' but the genetic plan for their utilization of androgens isnot. These peoples \' bodies, at the cellular level, cannot use their malehormones and so develop along the female pathway despite having XY-malechromosomes and functioning testes. Their body is blind to the presence oftheir own testosterone, and thus they become \"sex-reversed \" or anatomicallyfemale except that they lack a uterus and ovaries. Their testes are usuallyhidden in the lower abdomen or inguinal area. This is a genetically causeddisorder and often runs in families. Some tribes have a high incidence ofAIS and it is one of the most common causes of extreme (complete) XY femaleintersex or \'sex reversal. \" Complete C-AIS persons are always consideredfemale and raised as such despite their XY-male chromosomes. Before modernmedicine, such persons were usually just considered unfortunate barrenwomen.Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is the most common cause of extreme XXintersex conditions. This condition is caused by a defect in the adrenalhormone system that hyper-androgenizes them in utero. A complete CAH personmay be considered \'sex- reversed \' in that they have a normal external maleanatomy despite their XX \'female \' chromosomes. Before modern medicine, thesepeople were always considered unfortunately sterile but otherwise normalmales. They may have ejaculate, but no viable sperm. Even at the present, ahigh percentage of CAH males are not detected at birth. Some grow up andonly find out about their XX \'female \' chromosomes after going to a fertilityclinic for sterility diagnosis. Imagine the trauma a couple faces when theirmarriage is thus suddenly legally invalidated as one result of such a test!As long as the chromosome XX or XY test for sex is used, such tragedies willgo on with XY sex-reversed women and XX sex-reversed men being shocked andshamed due to \'failing \' their sex chromosome tests. If one doubts that thishas happened, the International Olympic committee has placed a moratorium onchromosome testing for sex, because of the many world-class athletes whowere being disqualified for \'failing \' their genetic sex tests. The tragicsituation became severe at the Olympics, with national sports heroes andheroines going home in shame due to \'failing \' their mandated sex testing.Recognizing the problem, the Olympic Committee can \'t figure out how to keepthe games strictly XY-male and XX-female because there are so manyintersexed athletes in the games presenting exceptions to this rule!There are other types of internally caused intersex conditions, but they arefar more rare. There are also intersex conditions due to abnormalchromosomes which occur to varying degrees in some individuals with Turner \'sand Klinefelter \'s Syndromes. Since these are more rare, in world history Ibelieve that the largest percentage of intersexed persons with certaindisorders have been either AIS or CAH individuals. However, it appears thatnow environmental estrogens are causing a global epidemic in failure tomasculinize. So it is possible that in the future, environmental estrogenscould be the single greatest cause of XY intersex conditions.True hermaphroditism is defined by the presence of both testicular andovarian tissue in the same person. This is extremely rare. Such people mayhave one ovary and one testis, or one ovary and a mixed ovotestis, or onetestis and a mixed ovotestis or bilateral ovotestis. Ovotestis are gonads(sex organs) in which there is both ovarian and testicular tissue. Thebiological mechanisms of true hermaphroditism are not all well understood.Most true hermaphrodites have normal XX or XY chromosomes. Many have XX \'female \' chromosomes and are raised as girls. Some of these later mature(virilize) to become fully sexually functioning males, and require legal sexreassignment.There are also external causes for various intersex conditions. The mother \'sbody can be a cause of feminized male fetuses. Either her own body can bethe source of excessive estrogens feminizing her XY baby, or in the case oftwins, it is suspected that a male or female twin can produce hormones thataffect their other-sex sibling. While this has not been conclusively provenin human twins, it has been verified among litters in various animals. Inlittermates, the males and females next to each other in the womb canhormonally modify each other \'s development. Certain conditions in themother \'s health have also been proven to masculinize the XX fetus, and themother may also be influenced by such environmental factors as diet, air andwater pollutants, medications, alcohol and drug abuse, etc.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Neurologically Feminized Males and Masculinized FemalesIn biology it is well established that fetal hormones determine the outcomein terms of masculinization and feminization of the individual. Hormonalinfluences can completely override the sex chromosomes when it comes toinfluencing both the gross anatomy and subtler neuro-anatomy or \'wiring \' andthus the sex-related behavior of species, including the human species. Thisis not at all debatable. Since different parts of the gross reproductiveanatomy mature at different intervals and these mature independently ofvarious parts of the nervous system, it is possible to have a contradictionbetween various aspects of a person \'s neuro, gonadal and genital sex. Infact the specific and detailed mechanisms of many such contradictions arenow known in human intersex conditions. These variations are alsoresponsible for some of the easily recognized basic types in any homosexualpopulation, and they effect the individual \'s gender identity and/or sexorientation. The great complexity of our physical and neurologicaldevelopment in utero gives rise to the tremendous variability in the outcomeof our neuro-sexual and physical embodiment. The perfect example of thiscomplexity is that gender identity often seems independent of sexualorientation. To understand this completely, people need to learn the basicsof sex biology.To identify if an apparently physically normal person may have been fetallyestrogenized or androgenized and to what extent, one needs only to assessthe signs and symptoms relative to the subjective sense of self or genderidentity and social and sexual responses to others. Such a personalinventory should be able to reveal the difference between a transsexual witha gender identity disorder and a homosexual with same-sex attraction. Itshould also reveal the difference between transsexuals who feel compelled tosurgically alter their anatomical sex, and homosexuals who are fullycomfortable with their physical selves even though they may exhibitexcessively masculine or feminine gender behavior.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Very Feminine Homosexual Men and Very Masculine LesbiansLike \'intersex, \' the word \'homosexual \' is too general a term. Itindiscriminately merges together persons with entirely different natures andbehavior. This merging gives rise to numerous misunderstandings, like thosethat arise from the impossible-to-answer question \'is homosexuality a matterof choice or not? \' This nonsense question is too general because thecategory of \'homosexual \' is too general.Although there is endless variety in human sexuality, there are also somerather common variant syndromes of sex differentiation, which arerecognizable across time and cultures. These are the very feminizedhomosexual \'male \' and the very masculinized lesbian \'female, \' thestereotypical \'queen \' and \'butch dyke. \' That these types appear in allsocieties should help us to understand that there is a biological role intheir genesis. No society, religion, social class, etc. creates such people,they just appear in every society, social class and religious culture. Totheir perceptive childhood peers, or those who are experienced in the careof large numbers of children, such persons can be identified at an earlyage. Thus such a gender-different child might be labeled as a \'sissy \' or \'tomboy. \' In biology it is well known that social animals express theirsex-dimorphic behavior early on in play preference, social grouping and \'pecking orders. \' Children and immature chimps are more interested in eachother \'s social play preferences than in each other \'s genitals. Thusneurologically masculinized XX children and chimps (with female genitals)will be more likely to get involved in the males \' play, and neurologicallyfeminized XY children and chimps (with male genitals) will be more likely totry to involve themselves in the females \' play. The person who is thusextremely neurologically masculinized or feminized does not have a normalchildhood as a boy or girl and cannot grow up from a feminized boy into anormal masculine man, or from a masculinized girl into a normal femininewoman. When play preferences give way to mature sexually dimorphicbehaviors, those persons neurologically masculinized or feminized during thefetal stage will mature into a sexual being whose needs and instincts compelthem to express a sexuality normal for their neuro-anatomy but oftencontrary to their genital anatomy. Thus the \'sissy \' may mature into a \'queen \' and the \'tomboy \' into a \'butch dyke. \' Such people have no childhoodor adult choice in this. They were \'hard-wired \' for it during fetaldevelopment by hormones at a critical period of neuro-organization in utero.If their sense of self has been thus affected, then their object of desirewill likely be affected too. Very feminized and masculinized homosexualpeople commonly engage in sex-dimorphic behaviors usually seen in theopposite sex. The very feminine homosexual male is commonly sexuallyreceptive, and the very masculine lesbian commonly engages in male-typicalmounting behaviors.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ordinary or \"Gender-Normal \" Homosexual Males and LesbiansBesides the above-described homosexual persons who stand out as excessivelymasculine or feminine, there are others who appear \'normal \' within societybut still experience same- sex attraction. This largest group of gay men andlesbians are exclusively homosexual, comfortable with their anatomical sexand normal in terms of their gender identity. Such persons choose differentsame-sex partners for a variety of reasons. Some may choose partners similarto themselves, while others may choose the highly masculinized or feminizedpersons described above. If such normal homosexuals take the above-proposedtest for fetal hormonal influences, their answers will reveal their normaldevelopment and gender identity. But if they take tests to assess theirsexual preferences, then their exclusive \'gayness \' will be revealed.Basically, this type of homosexual is an otherwise normal person, but withexclusive and immutable same-sex attraction for whatever reasons yetunknown. Psychological, familial or social influences can also be involvedin ways that may suppress, reinforce or otherwise modify such a person \'sresponse to same-sex stimulus. Since this class of homosexuals is bydefinition \'gender- normal \' (not excessively masculine or femininebehaving), they cannot be compelled by neuro-related gender-identitydifferences to seek same-sex partners. This does not mean, however, thatthey have a \'choice \' in their attractions/desires. This is the class ofgender-normal homosexuals who do not respond normally to their species \'social and sex signaling stimuli. Since heterosexual signaling responses areknown from all animal studies to be biologically based, it is onlyreasonable to conclude that exclusive and persistent same-sex attraction inhumans is also biologically based. This link between biology and behavior,in fact, can be observed in general human studies of social or sex signalingand response. So why then should this \'law of nature \' universal link betweenbiology and behavior be denied when it comes to homosexuality?In the continuum of sex differentiation and sex-dimorphic behaviorvariations, sex object attraction or \'partner preference \' in animals andcomparable \'sexual orientation \' in humans demonstrably have biologicaldeterminatives. However, these hormonal influences are not acting on theperson \'s gender identity, but on their involuntary response to sex signalingfrom the persons they are attracted to. For example, in every pair ofsame-sex finches that set up a nest together, at least one in the pair isresponding to the sex signaling of the other. Similarly, the gender-normalgay man is being \'turned on \' by something about his partner and is thuspositively responding to his partner \'s signals. Since a creatures responseto sex signaling is just as innate and instinctual as sex signaling itself,then it is fair to say that the orientation side of the equation can be justas inborn as the gender-identity side. There is social and sex signaling inmost species of animals, especially in social animals like the great apesand man. In these species, sex-dimorphic behavior is programmed intoindividuals so that both sexes will be able to function as a social group inorder to reproduce and sustain the species. There are two sides to thisprogramming. One side involves the individual \'s sense of self or genderidentity, and the other side involves how the individual responds sociallyand sexually to others. This side of the picture involves the individual \'sresponse to signals from others and thus their sex partner preferences. Noattraction to the opposite sex means that they are not responding in a \'normal \' way to the opposite sex \'s sex signaling. Instead, the homosexual isresponding to the sex signaling of his or her own sex regardless of genderidentity. The neuro-locus of sexual attraction is therefore obviouslyindependent of the locus of sense of self or gender-identity. Thesemechanisms of sex signaling and response/attraction are very well known,right down to which chemical olfactory stimulants trigger which kinds ofresponses in normal women and men. Every detail of human sex signalingincluding form, sound, scent, motion, touch, color, decoration, etc. hasbeen analyzed by someone somewhere. The advertising industry alone has spentvast amounts of money on such research to understand the human responses tosocial and sex signaling. Still, the learning from all this research has notbeen applied to the obvious question of the biological origin and mechanismsof same-sex attraction in humans.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Same-Sex Pairing and Peer-BondingIn gay and lesbian subculture, despite the influence of feminism and otherattempts to disconnect certain behaviors from sex and gender, it can stillbe seen that many homosexual people are essentially attracted to theirgender-type opposites. The pairing- up will tend to be between a person whois more masculine and a person who is more feminine. When masculine gay menor lesbians are exclusively attracted to their feminine counterparts inmasculine/feminine pairs, then they are responding in a normal heterosexualway to the sex- and social-signaling of their partners. Their behavior andresponse is in fact normal heterosexual dimorphic behavior, but because oftheir anatomy they are considered a same-sex pair.The survival and health of a species depends not just on oppositesattracting as in sexually dimorphic reproduction, but also on the strongbiological drive to emulate an ideal specimen among one \'s same-sex peers andto bond with them. This peer-bonding behavior can be most observed inindividuals prior to their development of opposite-sex attraction andreproductive maturity. Certain attractive or advantageous physical featuresand behaviors give individuals prominence over their peers, and thesecharacteristics, when perceived, are emulated in the peer group and youngergenerations. This behavior serves to strengthen the species and can be seenthroughout the biological realm. Among humans it is evident in the way thatchildren and teens imitate and bond with their idolized siblings, peers,heroes, movie stars, etc. Such peer bonding is eventually overshadowed withthe arrival of opposite-sex attraction and the competition to mate, butthere are some individuals who do not make this transition and continue inthe peer-bonding mode. These persons never enter into the opposite-sexattracted, reproductive phase of their species \' development. Gender-normalhomosexuals who do not display masculine and feminine sex dimorphic-likepairing will most likely play out this type of \'like-attracting-like \' peerfixation well into life. They will usually be attracted to partners who arevery similar or ideal versions of themselves. Such behavior may also beaccompanied by other traits normally seen in adolescent behavior.It can be observed that all humans are born autistic, or self-centered, andthen most gradually move from infantile self-absorption to youthful \'like-attracting-like \' peer bonding and finally to adult pairing, homemaking and child rearing. Intersexed and homosexual people growing up insocieties where they are socially stigmatized and mistreated may oftenexperience difficulty even in peer bonding, what to speak of pairing. Inextreme cases they will become isolated, depressed or self-loathing due tosuch difficulties. Human beings gradually expand their awareness,appreciation and love of others beginning with the parents and thenprogressing towards siblings, peers, mates, community, humanity, etc.Finally, as mature caring humans, we are no longer self- centered butinstead become \'other-centered \' beings. We learn to love not just ourselvesbut everyone around us. Unfortunately, any person who is mistreated andabused during this progression may become developmentally arrested andunable to properly extend their love toward others. Having met many veryloving and other-centered homosexual men and lesbians, it is clear that suchpersons are not necessarily developmentally arrested in this regard simplybecause they do not have opposite-sex attraction or because they have beenmistreated in life. Genuine other-centered love can exist within anyone,regardless of embodiment, and of course the ultimate realization of this type of selfless love is God-realization. God and His devotees are alwaysengaged in pure, loving exchanges, and the peer bonding and pairing of thisworld are merely reflections of that original spiritual love. We should knowthat any loving relationship experienced or observed in this world has itspure, original counterpart in spiritual reality.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Other Types of \'Homosexual \' BehaviorThere are other types of \'homosexual \' behavior that do not involve exclusivesame-sex attraction but are instead related to bisexuality or sexualaggression between heterosexual males. This is the type of behavior that canbe attributed to \'choice. \' People who are bisexually oriented experienceattraction to both men and women. They are gender-normal but respond to thesex-signaling stimulus coming from both sexes. For most bisexuals, thisorientation seems to be innate or \'wired \' into the neuro-anatomy and cannotbe changed. Since bisexual people are attracted to both males and females,they may choose or decide to engage in homosexual behavior and some may evenprefer to live exclusively homosexual lives.There are also those who are overly sexed and androgenized, known as the \'alpha-males \' or dominant females. These persons are highly sexuallyaggressive. Androgens cause phallic growth and stimulate libido and sexualaggression in both men and women. More sexual activity stimulates moreandrogen production and thus more libido, etc. It is a self- perpetuatingcycle. Highly sexed and aggressive individuals typically have high androgenlevels. If a normal person becomes sexually abstinent for a long period oftime however, their system will eventually begin to quiet down sexually andproduce lower amounts of these hormones.The typical alpha-male is compelled to force others to submit to him and maysometimes even indulge in bisexual or \'homosexual \' behavior. He is like thebiggest bull elk in a region, or the biggest bull in a herd. Suchhyper-androgenized persons have a genetic or other innate cause for theirsuper-masculinity, and like the alpha-male in a herd, they are often notsatisfied with just dominating the females in their domain, but mustsexually dominate all of the males that they can as well. In thesex-dimorphic social ordering of many animals, the dominant or alpha-malewill be the most highly androgenized, sexed and aggressive of the males. Hewill usually dominate every male that he can, and this domination involvessexually aggressive acts, social signaling, and even mounting andsubmission-forcing behavior. In the extremity this means forcing sexualsubmission as well. Thus when a subdominant bull or outside challenger isdefeated by the alpha-male, he will allow the dominant male to mount him orassume a sexually dominant position over him. After such a display ofsubmission, the dominant male will cease his violent attack on thechallenger and may even give him a kind of protection from other aggressivemales. This apparently bisexual or homosexual behavior among animals is notabout the alpha-male actually desiring to mate with other males but ispurely about dominance and submission. This behavior can also be seen inhuman society within prisons, warfare, and other social situations wheredominance has become very important. Such persons may engage in veryaggressive and even violent \'homosexual \' behavior, but in fact, they are ona power trip and their motivation is nothing like that of ordinary gay men.In these cases men can engage in \'homosexual \' acts without experiencingsame-sex attraction at all. Thus they can choose or decide to commit \'homosexual \' acts, without even being \'homosexually \' attracted to men. Ina similar way, the desire or compulsion to have sex with children isdifferent from homosexuality. Since it is possible to be a homosexual and apedophile, the problem is that acts of pedophilia are crimes of opportunity,and homosexual pedophiles, especially those who are athletic coaches,ministers, priests, teachers, rabbis, or others with easy access to, andauthority over, boys may have many opportunities for their crimes. Thus itis again imperative to carefully differentiate between-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Giving andReceiving of Divine Love Bridal Mysticism has NOTHING to do with Dominanceand SubmissionDominance and submission is not just a male-female phenomenon. Within themale and female peer groups of social animals this dominance and submissiongame is always going on. Thus there is an \'alpha-bitch \' in the wolf pack anda matriarch among the elephants. There is a supreme hen-of-the-roost at thetop of the hen-house pecking order, and the most popular kid in school amongboth the girls and the boys. Only in the realm of the spiritual life do wefind this system reversed, when the competition is to SERVE, rather than tolord-it-over others. Think about it! The GIVER AND RECEIVER GODHEAD OFBRIDAL MYSTICISM BHAKTI TRADITIONS is the source and model of theanti-material value system. In Catholic Trinitarian and Bridal Mysticism,and in Vaishnava Bridal Mysticism, Sri Krishna exists to serve Radha-deviand She exists to serve Him! The descending Savior / Messiah is theServitor Lord Who Self-Sacrificially serves the Divine Couple and allbeings! Their Holy Spirit (Param-Atman) serves Them and all beings ! Thusin the Eastern and Western Divine Love (Bhakti)Traditions, the Alpha-Beingsof all beings, the Blessed Trinity and the Biblical ELI and SHEKINAH,(Vaishnava HARI and SHAKTI , Shaivite Hara & Shakti, Pure Land BuddhistHarih & Shakti, Egypto-African Heru & Sekhet, Yang &Yin, Yab &Yum, etc.)desire only to SERVE each other, not to DOMINATE and EXPLOIT each other! Byobserving the contrary material desire to dominate and exploit in thisworld, we can understand the loveless lording-it-over mentality of thefallen souls, and how OTHER-CENTERED LOVE and SELF-CENTERED LUST arediametrically opposed as forces in our \'fallen \' world. Of those beings whomost want to dominate and force others into submission, the alpha-males andalpha-females are the most successful in their species. In human society,leadership should be a matter of virtuous other-centered service, not amatter of vice, in terms of wanting to subdue and exploit other beings.Likewise in conjugal relationships, there must be mutual giving andrecieving which is OTHER-CENTERED and SERVICE ORIENTED. If thisother-centeredness is missing from a person \'s heart, they are exploiting ,not loving others.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Intersexuality, Same-Sex Pairing and Reproductive BalanceIn some species the mechanisms of physical deviation from the normalreproductive XX-female and XY-male always involve \'defects \' in the standarddevelopmental plan. But does this mean that over-all such in- betweencreatures are necessarily a mistake of nature or God? While intersexabnormalities effect one \'s reproduction and socialization in social specieslike man, they don \'t usually affect the individual \'s viability. Sexual \'defects \' therefore account for a vast number of otherwise healthy,functional individuals in all species. Why does either nature or God notprohibit this enormous \'third sex \' category of life?In many highly social species, intersex members play a unique and veryimportant role. For instance, in a bee colony, the queen alone is areproductive female. The worker bees are all \'intersexed \' ornon-reproductive females. There are COUNTLESS such variations onreproductive XX and XY dimorphism throughout the natural realm in the lowerspecies of life. Even in some of the higher species, almost all of the malesare or become non-reproductive after being dominated by the \'alpha-male. \' Inmany herd animals, for instance, the alpha-male essentially dominates hisrivals until they submit to him and stop trying to mate with his harem. Unless they are driven away, they then essentially become a eunuch and part ofhis harem so to speak, enjoying his protection. When these submissive malesare darted and medically examined, they are found to have experienced anactual lowering of their own testosterone levels. Their very survival maydepend on this. As long as they are putting out the testosterone smells thattrigger violent \'rival \' aggression in the alpha-male, they will be indanger. So their body actually changes, and the testosterone decreases. Theylose the desire to mate with the females and become submissive to thealpha-male, who mounts them to establish their place in the herd \'sdominance-and-submission \'pecking order. \' Such individual and groupresponses appear to be both personal and societal survival mechanisms. Thealpha-male, whether he is an ape or an antelope, will generally have thehighest testosterone levels in the social order, and the sub-dominant maleswill have less and less as they descend in the \'pecking order. \' The mostfeminized males or females will frequently be at the very bottom end of thepecking orders in almost all social species. By contrast, in experimentswith hyper-androgenized XX-female apes, these individuals sometimes actuallybecame the dominant \'males \' of the group despite their XX-female chromosomesand infertility! So it is clear that testosterone and estrogen levelsinfluence SELF-EXPERIENCE and BEHAVIOR and have a profound influence overnot just the bodily development, but also the sex-dimorphic behavior of allsocial animals.Besides this hormone-behavior link to dominance and submission, it isobvious that in some species, intersex and related same-sex pair bondingserves as a population control. For example, in some birds and rodents, whenthere is extreme pressure on the species due to drought, lack of food,over-population, extreme cold or heat, lack of shelter or nesting habitat,etc., the incidence of same-sex pair bonding in the species willdramatically increase temporarily until the crisis has passed. Because thesesame-sex pairs do not reproduce, this acts as a natural species-wide localor regional method of population control. By thus reducing the reproductivesuccess of one or several generations, the population increase is slowed oreven reduced without massive starvation, inability to nest, or subsequentdie-off in the species. Is this a mistake or is it an amazing speciesadaptation for survival? In these cases same-sex pairing is a win-winsituation for both the individual and the species, because the individual \'simperative to bond and nest-build is satisfied and at the same time thespecies is able to avert a population crisis and disastrous die-off. In myown opinion, humans under such social or environmental duress may very wellrespond in a similar manner. Homosexual and intersexed persons may thusperiodically increase from their normal base- line population levels undersuch conditions. Under ecological or other stress the human species may,like other species, have a mechanism of response for reducing its fertility.Environmental factors themselves may also cause disorders of sexdifferentiation. Modern-day pollutants such as \'environmental estrogens, \'petrol-chemicals, pesticides and other man-made factors actually increasethe percentage of sex differentiation disorders in animals and in humansociety. Major governmental and university research projects are beingconducted world-wide to find some way to reduce the feminizing effects ofenvironmental estrogens, which are causing a global \'epidemic \' of humanmasculinization and reproductive health problems.While in the microcosm, specific mechanisms that account for intersex andsame-sex pairing of animals may appear as \"disorders, \" \"defects \" or \"errors, \" but if we step back from the proximal causes and view thereproductive health of the species as a whole, and how it changes underdifferent conditions over time in various local and regional environments,then we can see how this non-reproductive \'third-sex \' actually plays animportant role in the wider scheme of things. Nature or God does notprohibit such apparent errors because in fact they are not errors at all. Inthe \'big picture \' these human variations seem to serve an important purposewhether we as humans are aware of it or not. If a rise in intersex andrelated same-sex pairing is a mechanism of population control in animalspecies, why not recognize that it could also function in a similar wayamong humans? Is it always necessary or desirable for every member of humansociety to engage in sexual reproduction? Is human worth only to be measuredin terms of fertility? Many of the world \'s great religious traditions suchas Hinduism, Buddhism and Roman Catholicism recognize and place value onpeople who are celibate and non-reproductive. Abstaining from sex relations,child rearing or family-life offers a person valuable time that, if wiselyspent, can be utilized for self-realization and serving the greater familyof humanity and God.Human beings are not animals, but our bodies are made of the same elementsand obey all of the same basic rules of chemistry and biology. We shouldstop thinking of our species as being somehow categorically beyond the lawsof nature and God! There are mechanisms for everything, and understandingthese can help us to treat each other justly, with understanding andcompassion instead of confusion and fear.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------ConclusionTo review, one has a subjective \'gender identity, \' which can be discoveredthrough a personal inventory and HONEST ANALYSIS of feelings about oneself.Gender identity is about how we experience our selves both all-alone andwith others. Each of us also has a way of responding to the social-signalingof others. This includes our subtle physiological responses tosex-signaling and gender messages. One also has \'other \' orientations thatcan be discovered by analyzing how one feels about and responds to others.Humans are masculine and feminine, not just genitally male and female orchromosomally XY and XX. For physical, mental, affective/emotional healthand ultimately self-realization, people need to understand themselves and beunderstood by others on their own terms, not indiscriminately lumped-in-together in pastoral care, or medical diagnosis and treatment. There areso many combinations and variations of the basic types and relationshipsmentioned herein, that ideally there should be no categories and everyprecious soul should be understood individually. However, since this is notpossible, then at least we can make some effort to understand people alittle better, and to stop impersonally merging them all-in-together undertoo general and simplistic category labels like \'homosexual. \' By daring toleave our comfortable denial and too-general labels, to ask the specific andappropriate questions, we can work towards discovering and accepting theright answers. Then we can finally begin to render sex and gender justiceto all of our sisters, brothers and others. This means honoring the basicbeingness of every person, and recognizing the primacy of persons over theirparts. We own our parts, we are not our parts. Every human being is far farmore than the mere sum of their parts !May Jesus Christ the Servitor Lord, and Our Lady Rosa Mystica, and God ourFather, and the Holy Spirit, Who are always busy humbly serving Each Otherand all beings, deliver us from the desire to lord-it-over one another likethe wolves and wildebeests! And in honor of JESUS CHRIST \'S INCARNATION, maywe take the time to understand each other and to lovingly help everyone tospiritually progress in their own unique incarnation, because ultimately,there is NO Greek or Jew, Slave or Free, Male or Female, when All are One inChrist Jesus.Amen / Aum !PAX CHRISTI !David / Bhakti Ananda Goswami","null","null","");arrFiles[5]=new Array("http://www.gendercare.com/library/tipslibrary14.html","Selection 14 - Aromatization.... and mammalial brain masculinization.","Selection 14 - Aromatization.... and mammalial brain masculinization. Library Selection 1 - Kruijver et al,2000 and others Abstracts and Free Full Papers Library Selection 2 - Aphallia & Sissyboys Library Selection 3 - Transsexual Hormone Therapy (HRT) Library Selection 4 - Hormones and the primate Brain... humans and non humans... USA studies. Library Selection 5 - FtM Transsexual, Aphallia & Micropenis Library Selection 6 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Transgenders and Crossdressers Library Selection 7 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Torres & Jurberg Hypothesis Library Selection 8 - SF-1 and DAX-1 papers Library Selection 9 - Dörner....and the brain sexual differentiation	Library Selection 10 - Imperato_McGinley...and T action for the gender identity masculinization Library Selection 11 - Kula important paper.... and T Aromatization in the brain...	Library Selection 12 - Bhakti Ananda Goswami & Wal Torres ... and the Copernican	revolution of man and woman definition Library Selection 13 - Bhakti Ananda Goswami ... sex and gender is characterized by the whole person...not by its parts. Library Selection 14 - Aromatization.... and mammalial brain masculinization.	See here some scientific abstracts from Medline.	Access Medline Abstracts and Papers yourself directly.	See below some wonderful paper abstracts and sometimes FREE FULL PAPERS!.	We show here some important papers showing the aromatization	process of testosterone, and its importance for male brain differentiation in	mammals, primates and humans.	1: Int Rev Cytol. 1991;131:1-57. Related Articles,Links The pre- and postnatal influence of hormones and neurotransmitters on sexual differentiation of the mammalian hypothalamus.Dohler KD.Pharma Bissendorf Peptide, Hannover, Germany.A number of brain structures and a great number of brain functions have been shown to be sexually dimorphic. It has also been shown that development and differentiation of these structures and functions proceeds during a critical pre- and postnatal period of increased susceptibility, and is controlled by gonadal steroids and neurotransmitter substances. The brain of male and female mammals seems to be still undifferentiated before the period of increased susceptibility to gonadal steroids and neurotransmitters starts. Feminization of brain structure and functions, e.g., establishment of the cyclic LH-surge mechanism and the expression of lordosis behavior, seems to depend on the moderate interaction of estrogens with the developing nervous system. Defeminization and masculinization of brain functions seem to be established during interaction of the developing nervous system with androgens, which have to be converted, at least in part, into estrogens. Structural differentiation of the male brain, e.g., the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA), seems to be exclusively estrogen-dependent, during differentiation of male brain functions, however, estrogens may be supportive, rather than directive, to the primary action of androgens. The molecular mechanisms of sexual differentiation of the brain are not yet fully understood. It seems, however, that the priming action of gonadal steroids during the period of increased susceptibility is either mediated by neurotransmitters, or neurotransmitters modulate the priming action of gonadal steroids. In particular, the adrenergic, the serotoninergic, the cholinergic, and possibly the dopaminergic system were shown to have strong influences on sexual differentiation of brain structure and functions. In contrast to the great number of available studies on the influence of gonadal steroids on sexual differentiation of the brain, there are rather few studies available concerning the influence of neurotransmitter systems. The available results are partly contradictory, so that an interpretation must be done with caution and will leave plenty of room for speculation. Postnatal application of compounds which stimulate or inhibit adrenergic activity mainly affected the neural control of gonadotropin secretion, and had only minor influences on differentiation of behavior patterns. It seems, however, that adrenergic participation in the differentiation of the center for cyclic gonadotropin release is very complex and stimulatory and inhibitory components may operate simultaneously. Activation or inhibition of beta-adrenergic receptors during postnatal development was shown to impair the responsiveness of the center for cyclic gonadotropin release to gonadal steroids, and impairs the expression of ejaculatory behavior in male rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)Publication Types:ReviewReview, AcademicPMID: 1684787 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Neuroendocrinology. 1993 Dec;58(6):673-81. Related Articles,Links Sex-specific aromatization of testosterone in mouse hypothalamic neurons.Beyer C, Wozniak A, Hutchison JB.AFRC BABRAHAM Institute, MRC Neuroendocrine Development and Behaviour Group, Cambridge, UK.Conversion of androgens to oestrogens by neural aromatase during brain development appears to be a prerequisite for sexual differentiation of the mammalian central nervous system. In order to investigate the pre- and perinatal patterns of testosterone (T) aromatization in the male and female mouse brain, aromatase activity (AA) was measured in hypothalamic and cerebral homogenates of embryonic day (ED) 17 fetuses and neonates using an in vitro 3H2O product formation microassay. In addition, AA was examined in gender-specific neuronal cell cultures prepared from ED 15 mouse cerebral hemisphere and hypothalamus at 3 and 6 days in vitro (DIV), and this was compared with enzyme activities in homogenates. The aromatase has also been evaluated in glial-enriched cultures from ED 20 mouse hypothalamus and cortex as well as in ED 15 cultures treated with the neurotoxin kainic acid in order to localize AA to neurons and/or glial cells. Significant sex differences in AA were observed in hypothalamic tissue homogenates as early as ED 17, becoming even more distinct in neonates, AA being always higher in males compared to females. Similar AA was also found in cells from both sexes from cultured ED 15 hypothalamus after 3 DIV. However, significantly higher AA was observed after 6 DIV in ED 15 male hypothalamic cultures compared to female. ED 20 glial-enriched hypothalamic cultures (purity > 95%) from both brain regions exhibited very low AA after 6 DIV, and no sex differences were found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)PMID: 8127394 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Brain Res. 1994 Feb 28;638(1-2):203-10. Related Articles,Links Aromatase-immunoreactivity is localised specifically in neurones in the developing mouse hypothalamus and cortex.Beyer C, Green SJ, Barker PJ, Huskisson NS, Hutchison JB.MRC Neuroendocrine Development and Behaviour Group, BABRAHAM Institute, Cambridge, UK.Local formation of oestrogens from androgens by aromatase cytochrome P-450 within brain cells is crucial for the sexual differentiation of the mammalian CNS. Aromatase activity has been detected in several brain regions of the developing rodent brain. In the present study, we used a mouse-specific, peptide-generated, polyclonal aromatase antibody to determine whether neurones and/or glial cells in the developing brain are involved in androgen aromatization and if aromatase-immunoreactive (Arom-IR) cells exhibit a sex-specific distribution and regional-specific morphological characteristics. For these experiments, gender-specific cell cultures were prepared from embryonic day 15 mouse hypothalamus and cortex. Specificity of the immunoreaction was confirmed by Western-blot analysis and by inhibition of aromatase activity using tissue homogenates from mouse ovaries and male newborn hypothalamus and from male hypothalamic cultures with known aromatase activity, respectively. Arom-IR cells were found in both hypothalamic and cortical cultures. Double-labeling experiments revealed that Arom-IR cells co-stained only for the neuronal marker MAP II, but never for glial markers. Therefore aromatase immunoreactivity is specifically neuronal. Regional differences in the morphology of Arom-IR neurones were observed between both brain regions. In hypothalamic cultures, IR-neurones represented a heterologous population of phenotypes (magnocellular, small bipolar and multipolar neurones with long processes showing varicose-like structures or without processes). Cortical Arom-IR neurones were always oval in shape with short or no IR-processes. Sexual dimorphisms in numbers of Arom-IR neurones were found in the hypothalamus with significantly higher cell numbers in male cultures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)PMID: 8199860 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Cell Mol Neurobiol. 1997 Dec;17(6):603-26. Related Articles,Links Gender-specific steroid metabolism in neural differentiation.Hutchison JB.MRC Neuroendocrine Development and Behaviour Group, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, U.K.1. Both the neuroendocrine system and the brain mechanisms underlying gender-specific behavior are known to be organized by steroid sex hormones, androgen and estrogen, during specific sensitive phases of early fetal and perinatal development. The factors that control these phasic effects of the hormones on brain development are still not understood. Processes of masculinization and defeminization are thought to be involved in the sex differentiation of mammalian reproductive behavior. 2. The P450 aromatase, converting androgen to estrogen, is a key enzyme in the development of neural systems, and the activity of this enzyme is likely to be one of the factors determining brain sex differentiation. 3. We have examined the localization and regulation of brain aromatase using the mouse as a model. Measurement of testosterone conversion to estradiol-17 beta, using a sensitive radiometric 3H2O assay, indicates that estrogens are formed more actively in the male mouse brain than in the female during both the prenatal and the neonatal periods. In primary cell cultures of embryonic mouse hypothalamus there are sex differences in aromatase activity during early and late embryogenesis, with a higher capacity for estrogen formation in the male than the female. These sex differences are regionally specific in the brain, since on gender differences in aromatase activity are detectable in cortical cells. 4. Aromatase activity in the mouse brain is neuronal rather than glial. Using a specific antibody to the mouse aromatase, immunoreactivity is restricted to neuronal soma and neurites in hypothalamic cultures. There are more neurons containing expressed aromatase in the male hypothalamus than in the female. Therefore, gender-specific differences in embryonic aromatase activity are neuronal. 5. Testosterone increases aromatase activity specifically in hypothalamic neurons, but has no effect on cortical cells. The neuronal aromatase activity appears to be sensitive to the inductive effects of androgen only in the later stages of embryonic development. Androgen also increases the numbers of aromatase-immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus. 6. This work suggests that the embryonic male hypothalamus and other androgen target areas contain a network of neurons which has the capacity to provide estrogen for the sexual differentiation of brain mechanisms of behavior. The phasic activity of the key enzyme, aromatase, during development is influenced by androgen. What determines the developmental action of androgen and the other factors involved in the regulation and expression of this neuronal enzyme still have to be established.Publication Types:ReviewReview, TutorialPMID: 9442349 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Neuroendocrinology. 1998 Oct;68(4):229-34. Related Articles,Links Developmental sex differences in estrogen receptor-beta mRNA expression in the mouse hypothalamus/preoptic region.Karolczak M, Beyer C.Abteilung Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Universitat Ulm, Germany.Estrogens play a significant role during mammalian brain development and are required for the masculinization of neuronal circuits involved in sex-specific behaviors and neuroendocrine functions. Cellular estrogen signalling is transmitted through nuclear estrogen receptors (ER) which are divided into two subforms: the ER-alpha as well as the recently cloned ER-beta have been demonstrated in the hypothalamus. In the present study, we have analyzed the sex-specific expression of ER-beta mRNA in the pre- and postnatal mouse hypothalamus/preoptic region (Hyp/POA) by semiquantitative RT-PCR. The ER-beta mRNA was detectable as early as embryonic day (E) 15 in the diencephalon of both sexes. In males, levels of mRNA expression in the Hyp/POA increased until birth and remained high throughout postnatal (P) development, whereas in females, such an increase was not observed. Significantly higher mRNA levels were detected in the male Hyp/POA from E17 until P15. Perinatal sex differences in ER-beta mRNA expression coincide with higher estrogen-forming rates in the male Hyp/POA. At present, no direct evidence is available which demonstrates that estrogen signalling through ER-beta is involved in brain development. However, data from our and other studies suggest a potential role for this signal transduction pathway for brain differentiation.PMID: 9772337 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Anat Embryol (Berl). 1999 May;199(5):379-90. Related Articles,Links Estrogen and the developing mammalian brain.Beyer C.Abteilung Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Universitat Ulm, Germany. cordian.beyer@medizin.uni-ulm.deIn recent years, the knowledge of how estrogen interferes with mammalian brain functions and development has broadened substantially. In the adult brain, estrogen is not only involved in the neuroendocrine feedback regulation at the hypothalamic and pituitary level but also in the control of motor and cognitive functions. More recently, estrogen was found to act as a protective factor for neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson \'s and Alzheimer \'s disease. In contrast to these regulatory and protective functions, estrogen plays a different role during neuronal development. After the demonstration that the estrogen-synthesizing enzyme aromatase and both nuclear estrogen receptors are expressed in many brain areas during ontogeny, it was soon realized that estrogen modulates neuronal differentiation, notably by influencing cell migration, survival and death, and synaptic plasticity of neurons. These effects were initially seen in the classical target area for estrogen, the hypothalamus, but successive studies revealed the neurotrophic potential of estrogen also in other brain regions. The focus of this review will be to summarize estrogen formation and the role of estrogen during mammalian brain development. Moreover, cellular mechanisms involved in these neurotrophic effects will be discussed, giving special emphasis to \"nongenomic \" estrogen signaling and cross-coupling of estrogen signaling with those of growth factors.Publication Types:ReviewReview, AcademicPMID: 10221449 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Front Neuroendocrinol. 1999 Apr;20(2):97-121. Related Articles,Links Novel mechanisms of estrogen action in the brain: new players in an old story.Toran-Allerand CD, Singh M, Setalo G Jr.Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Center for Neurobiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA. cdt@columbia.eduEstrogen elicits a selective enhancement of the growth and differentiation of axons and dendrites (neurites) in the developing brain. Widespread colocalization of estrogen and neurotrophin receptors (trk) within estrogen and neurotrophin targets, including neurons of the cerebral cortex, sensory ganglia, and PC12 cells, has been shown to result in differential and reciprocal transcriptional regulation of these receptors by their ligands. In addition, estrogen and neurotrophin receptor coexpression leads to convergence or cross-coupling of their signaling pathways, particularly at the level of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade. 17beta-Estradiol elicits rapid (within 5-15 min) and sustained (at least 2 h) tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of the MAP kinases, extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK)1, and ERK2, which is successfully inhibited by the MAP kinase/ERK kinase 1 inhibitor PD98059, but not by the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182,780 and also does not appear to result from estradiol-induced activation of trk. Furthermore, the ability of estradiol to phosphorylate ERK persists even in ER-alpha knockout mice, implicating other estrogen receptors such as ER-beta in these actions of estradiol. The existence of an estrogen receptor-containing, multimeric complex consisting of hsp90, src, and B-Raf also suggests a direct link between the estrogen receptor and the MAP kinase signaling cascade. Collectively, these novel findings, coupled with our growing understanding of additional signaling substrates utilized by estrogen, provide alternative mechanisms for estrogen action in the developing brain which could explain not only some of the very rapid effects of estrogen, but also the ability of estrogen and neurotrophins to regulate the same broad array of cytoskeletal and growth-associated genes involved in neurite growth and differentiation. This review expands the usually restrictive view of estrogen action in the brain beyond the confines of sexual differentiation and reproductive neuroendocrine function. It considers the much broader question of estrogen as a neural growth factor with important influences on the development, survival, plasticity, regeneration, and aging of the mammalian brain and supports the view that the estrogen receptor is not only a ligand-induced transcriptional enhancer but also a mediator of rapid, nongenomic events. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.Publication Types:ReviewReview, AcademicPMID: 10328986 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Neuroendocrinology. 2002 Nov;76(5):297-315. Related Articles,Links Steroid receptor coactivator SRC-1 exhibits high expression in steroid-sensitive brain areas regulating reproductive behaviors in the quail brain.Charlier TD, Lakaye B, Ball GF, Balthazart J.University of Liege, Center for Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Research Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, and Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Liege, Belgium.The steroid receptor coactivator SRC-1 modulates ligand-dependent transactivation of several nuclear receptors, including the receptors for sex steroid hormones. Reducing the expression of SRC-1 by injection of specific antisense oligonucleotides markedly inhibits the effects of estrogens of the sexual differentiation of brain and behavior in rats and inhibits the activation of female sexual behavior in adult female rats. SRC-1 thus appears to be involved in both the development and activation of sexual behavior. In the Japanese quail brain, we amplified by RT-PCR a 3,411-bp fragment extending from the HLH domain to the activating domain-2 of the protein. The quail SRC-1 is closely related to the mammalian (m) SRC-1 and contains a high proportion of GC nucleotides (62.5%). Its amino acid sequence presents 70% identity with mammalian SRC-1 and contains the three conserved LXXLL boxes involved in the interaction with nuclear receptors. In both males and females, RT-PCR demonstrates a similarly high level of expression in the telencephalon, diencephalon, optic lobes, brain stem, spinal cord, pituitary, liver, kidney, adrenal gland, heart, lung, gonads and gonoducts. Males express significantly higher levels of SRC-1 in the preoptic area-hypothalamus than females. In both sexes, lower levels of expression are observed in the cerebellum and muscles. In situ hybridization utilizing a mixture of four digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotides confirms at the cellular level the widespread distribution of SRC-1 mRNA in the brain and a particularly dense expression in steroid-sensitive areas that play a key role in the control of male sexual behavior. These data confirm the presence and describe for the first time the SRC-1 distribution in the brain of an avian species. They confirm its broad, nearly ubiquitous, distribution in the entire body including the brain as could be expected for a coactivator that regulates to the action of many nuclear receptors. However this distribution is heterogeneous in the brain and sexually differentiated in at least some areas. The very dense expression of SRC-1 in limbic and mesencephalic nuclei that are associated with the control of male sexual behavior is consistent with the notion that this coactivator plays a significant role in the activation of this behavior. Copyright 2002 S. Karger AG, BaselPMID: 12457041 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Evol Dev. 2003 Jan-Feb;5(1):67-75. Related Articles,Links Mammalian development in a changing environment: exposure to endocrine disruptors reveals the developmental plasticity of steroid-hormone target organs.Markey CM, Coombs MA, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM.Department of Anatony and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111-1800, USA.Recent findings in the field of environmental endocrine disruption have revealed that developmental exposure to estrogenic chemicals induces morphological, functional, and behavioral anomalies associated with reproduction. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of in utero exposure to low doses of the estrogenic chemical bisphenol A (BPA) on the development of the female reproductive tissues and mammary glands in CD-1 mice. Humans are exposed to BPA, which leaches from dental materials and plastic food and beverage containers. Here we report that prenatal exposure to BPA induces alterations in tissue organization within the ovaries and mammary glands and disrupts estrous cyclicity in adulthood. Because estrogen receptors are expressed developmentally in these estrogen-target organs, we propose that BPA may directly affect the expression of genes involved in their morphogenesis. In addition, alterations in the sexual differentiation of the brain, and thus the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, may further contribute to the observed phenotype. The emerging field of endocrine disruptors promises to provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the development of hormone-target organs and demonstrates that the environment plays important roles in the making of phenotypes.PMID: 12492412 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]","null","null","");arrFiles[6]=new Array("http://www.gendercare.com/library/tipslibrary15.html","Selection 15 - Pheromones....& sexual orientation....and homosexuality","Selection 15 - Pheromones....& sexual orientation....and homosexuality Library Selection 1 - Kruijver et al,2000 and others Abstracts and Free Full Papers Library Selection 2 - Aphallia & Sissyboys Library Selection 3 - Transsexual Hormone Therapy (HRT) Library Selection 4 - Hormones and the primate Brain... humans and non humans... USA studies. Library Selection 5 - FtM Transsexual, Aphallia & Micropenis Library Selection 6 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Transgenders and Crossdressers Library Selection 7 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Torres & Jurberg Hypothesis Library Selection 8 - SF-1 and DAX-1 papers Library Selection 9 - Dörner....and the brain sexual differentiation	Library Selection 10 - Imperato_McGinley...and T action for the gender identity masculinization Library Selection 11 - Kula important paper.... and T Aromatization in the brain...	Library Selection 12 - Bhakti Ananda Goswami & Wal Torres ... and the Copernican	revolution of man and woman definition Library Selection 13 - Bhakti Ananda Goswami ... sex and gender is characterized by the whole person...not by its parts. Library Selection 14 - Aromatization.... and mammalial brain masculinization.	Library Selection 15 - Pheromones....& sexual orientation....and homosexuality	See here some scientific abstracts from Medline.	Access Medline Abstracts and Papers yourself directly.	See below some wonderful paper abstracts and sometimes FREE FULL PAPERS!.	I always said, since I wrote in Portuguese \"My Real Sex \", that	homosexuality was not a being question, but a taste question,a love question.	Bonobos primates (Pan paniscus), the most related primates with humans, have	bisexual tastes, systematically... surely not all of them have problems with their brains, as a hole species...so, sexual orientation	was not a question of brain differentiation, but a QUESTION OF TASTE.We do not	understand how pheromones work in our noses... how pheromones atract women and	men... but today we know they are important to define our tastes and sexual	orientation. Obviously, homosexuality has something to do, as heterosexuality,	with pheromones. One day, I hope soon, we will understand better how it works...	and modulate our sexual tastes. The important now, is to understand how our	noses work with pheromones, why some noses feel atracted by men, others by	women, others by both...others by noone. Our noses pheromone sensors are	related to our brains...surely thru our hypothalamus...	1: Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2002 Aug;23(4):291-7. Related Articles,Links Effects of putative male pheromones on female ratings of male attractiveness: influence of oral contraceptives and the menstrual cycle.Thorne F, Neave N, Scholey A, Moss M, Fink B.Human Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Division of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.Previous research has revealed that natural and synthetic pheromones can enhance ratings of opposite sex attractiveness. The present study investigated the effects of exposure to male axillary secretions on female ratings of the sexual attractiveness of male stimuli. Thirty-two female undergraduates, half of whom were contraceptive pill users, rated male vignette characters and photographs of male faces on aspects of attractiveness. On two separate study days, corresponding to different phases of their menstrual cycle, stimuli were presented while exposed to male axillary pheromones and under a control condition (no pheromone). The order of testing was balanced with respect to pheromone/control condition and menstrual cycle phase. Pheromone exposure resulted in significantly higher attractiveness ratings of vignette characters and faces. Use of the contraceptive pill or menstrual cycle phase had equivocal effects on some vignette items and neither had any influence on female ratings of male facial attractiveness. The results of this study suggest that exposure to natural male axillary pheromones can significantly enhance female perceptions of various aspects of male attractiveness.PMID: 12195229 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Ann Biol Clin (Paris). 2003 May-Jun;61(3):275-8. Related Articles,Links [Pheromones: an underestimated communication signal in humans][Article in French]Frey J.jacfrey@free.frThe pheromones are molecules, mainly aliphatic acids, with or without perceptible odor, recognized by specific receptors, the stimulation of which induces neuroendocrine reactions and affects the individual behavior. Olfactory receptors are underexpressed in human, 70 % of genes have become nonfunctional pseudogenes. But the remaining function was tested and is able to induce emotional reactions corresponding to a non-verbal signal of social interactions. In the present study, we review the actual knowledge on the olfactory receptors. They belong to the G-protein-coupled-receptors. Their signal is transduced to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Some HLA-based olfactory cues are shown with reference to recent experiments. The pathophysiological hypotheses are considered with respect to studies in anorexia nervosa and Alzheimer \' disease.Publication Types:ReviewReview, TutorialPMID: 12805004 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Biol Reprod. 2003 Jun;68(6):2107-13. Epub 2003 Jan 22.Related Articles,Links Male Axillary Extracts Contain Pheromones that Affect Pulsatile Secretion of Luteinizing Hormone and Mood in Women Recipients.Preti G, Wysocki CJ, Barnhart KT, Sondheimer SJ, Leyden JJ.Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.Human underarm secretions, when applied to women recipients, alter the length and timing of the menstrual cycle. These effects are thought to arise from exposure to primer pheromones that are produced in the underarm. Pheromones can affect endocrine (primer) or behavioral (releaser) responses, provide information (signaler), or perhaps even modify emotion or mood (modulator). In this study, we extracted underarm secretions from pads worn by men and placed the extract under the nose of women volunteers while monitoring serum LH and emotion/mood. Pulses of LH are excellent indicators of the release of GnRH from the brain \'s hypothalamus. In women, the positive influence of GnRH on LH affects the length and timing of the menstrual cycle, which, in turn, affects fertility. Here we show that extracts of male axillary secretions have a direct effect upon LH-pulsing and mood of women. In our subjects, the putative male pheromone(s) advanced the onset of the next peak of LH after its application, reduced tension, and increased relaxation. These results demonstrate that male axillary secretions contain one or more constituents that act as primer and modulator pheromones.PMID: 12606409 [PubMed - in process]1: Jpn J Physiol. 2002 Aug;52(4):353-9. Related Articles,Links Human olfactory contrast changes during the menstrual cycle.Watanabe K, Umezu K, Kurahashi T.Department of Biophysical Engineering, Osaka University, Toyonaka, 560-8531 Japan.Several lines of studies have reported that olfactory perception is influenced by physical and hormonal conditions. In the present study, we investigated changes of olfactory perception during the menstrual cycle of the human. Cyclopentadecanolide vapor was used and its perception intensity was measured by 6-point category scale methods. We especially focused on a novel concept termed \"olfactory contrast \" that has been just very recently derived from the patch clamp experiment that uses the solitary olfactory receptor cell. The results obtained from 18 trials (15 subjects) showed that olfactory contrast was significantly enhanced at the ovulatory and/or menstrual phases. It is suggested that olfactory contrast, which we defined as a new parameter, provides a useful tool in many kinds of studies exploring the olfactory perceived ability.PMID: 12519470 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 2002 Nov;37(11):651-8. Related Articles,Links [Phylogeny and evolution of hormone systems][Article in German]Feix M, Hoch M.Institut fur Zoophysiologie der Universitat Bonn, Entwicklungsbiologie, Germany. mfeix@uni-bonn.deClassically hormones are defined as molecules that are secreted by endocrine glandular or neurosecretory cells into the blood stream and transported to their target tissue where they induce physiological processes at very low concentrations. Studies on the potential origin and the evolution of cell-to-cell communication systems suggest that exocrine pheromones (food signals and toxins) might have been the primitive bioregulatory molecules of unicellular organisms for chemical communication with each other and with the biosphere. The broad distribution and the structural diversity of pheromones suggests that these molecules and their receptors were predecessor modules of cell communication systems in metazoa. Neurosecretory cells, as we find them in Cnidarians, possibly served as basic modules for the evolution of neurohormonal systems of higher animals. Studies on genetic model organisms, such as Drosophila or the mouse, have demonstrated that chemical communication between neighbouring or more distant cells does not just involve endocrine and neurosecretory cells, but also unexpectedly tissues and organs such as the heart or the adipose tissue (e. g. the leptin signalling pathway). Comparative endocrinology could show that molecular components of hormonal systems represent signalling networks that are generally used during cellular communication processes and the differentiation of cell types during ontogenesis. Some of their functions are evolutionarily conserved, others not, as disscussion on steroid hormones and the prolactin signalling pathway will demonstrate.PMID: 12404141 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Arkh Patol. 2002 Jul-Aug;64(4):52-9. Related Articles,Links [Human and animal vomeronasal systems in health and disease][Article in Russian]Gulimova VI.Institute of Human Morphology, 117418, Moscow.The vomeronasal organ (VO) or the second olfactory organ has the form of paired epithelial pockets at the base of the nasal septum. In animals it has various functions including reception of pheromones mediating sexual, parental and social behavior. Human VO was considered to be rudimental until the last decade of the XXth century. Since then it was found to be present almost in every adult individual and was proved to be functional. The paper provides new facts on the occurrence of VO in man and animals, analyzes possible consequences of plastic surgery of the nose and considers some vomeronasal abnormalities, their diagnosis and treatment.Publication Types:ReviewReview, TutorialPMID: 12402561 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Laryngorhinootologie. 2002 Oct;81(10):743-9. Related Articles,Links [The human vomeronasal organ][Article in German]Polzehl D.Universitatsklinik fur Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Ulm, Germany. doreen.polzehl@medizin.uni-ulm.deThe vomeronasal system in mammals plays an important role in social and reproductive behaviour. Pheromones are airborne chemical signals that are released by an individual into the environment and affects another member of the same species. The human vomeronasal system was commonly regarded as vestigial, but recently new interest is focussed on this chemoreceptor organ, located at the base of the human nasal cavity. Although vomeronasal systems have long been known to exist in all fetal humans, little is known of the growth of this system in adults. We give a summary of the publications to the features, the frequency of occurrence, the ultrastructure, the developmental aspects and the functional significance of the Jacobson \'s organ in human.PMID: 12397527 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Microsc Res Tech. 2002 Aug 1;58(3):251-60. Related Articles,Links Erratum in:Microsc Res Tech. 2002 Sep 15;58(6):523..Pheromone detection by mammalian vomeronasal neurons.Zufall F, Kelliher KR, Leinders-Zufall T.Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1509, USA.The vomeronasal organ (VNO) of mammals plays an essential role in the perception of chemical stimuli of social nature including pheromone-like signals but direct evidence for the transduction of pheromones by vomeronasal sensory neurons has been lacking. The recent development of electrophysiological and optical imaging methods using confocal microscopy has enabled researchers to systematically analyze sensory responses in large populations of mouse vomeronasal neurons. These experiments revealed that vomeronasal neurons are surprisingly sensitive and highly discriminative detectors of volatile, urinary metabolites that have pheromonal activity in recipient mice. Functional mapping studies of pheromone receptor activation have uncovered the basic principles of sensory processing by vomeronasal neurons and revealed striking differences in the neural mechanisms by which chemosensory information is detected by receptor neurons in the VNO and the main olfactory epithelium. These advances offer the opportunity to decipher the logic of mammalian pheromonal communication. Copyright 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Publication Types:ReviewReview, TutorialPMID: 12203702 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Microsc Res Tech. 2002 Aug 1;58(3):228-50. Related Articles,Links Recent progress in the neurobiology of the vomeronasal organ.Takami S.Department of Anatomy, School of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8508, Japan. takamis@kyorin-u.ac.jpIn many terrestrial tetrapodes, a pair of vomeronasal organs (VNOs), which are chemosensory apparatuses, are situated at the base of the nasal septum in the anterior nasal cavity. The purposes of this review are to summarize comparative neuroanatomy and to introduce recent progress in neurobiological studies of the VNO. Five types of VNOs can be identifiable in terms of anatomical organization; snakes possess the most complex one. Sensory cells in the VNO, vomeronasal receptor neurons (VRNs), are located in its neuroepithelium, vomeronassal sensory epithelium. The VRNs retain the characteristic of epithelial cells in that they are born continuously from progenitor cells. They contain two prominent subcellular structures: microvilli and extraordinarily large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a few unique glycoconjugates. The VRNs express two types of G-protein -subunits: Gi(alpha2) and Go(alpha) and each of them is coupled with putative pheromone receptors, V1Rs and V2Rs, respectively. Recent physiological and biochemical studies have demonstrated that pheromones depolarize the V1R-Gi(alpha2) and V2R-Go(alpha) VRNs via IP(3)-mediated mechanisms. The VRNs do not show adaptation and are ultrasensitive to putative pheromones. Other than being a chemosensory organ, the VNO and its primordium might play important roles for brain development; hypothalamic neurons that produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone are born in the VNO primordium and a few other neuron-like cells may be born in the VNO primordium and VNO. In human fetuses, anatomical findings strongly suggest that their VNOs contain a neuroepithelium. By contrast, it is unlikely that adult human VNO serves as a chemosensory organ. Copyright 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Publication Types:ReviewReview, AcademicPMID: 12203701 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: J Neuroendocrinol. 2003 Jun;15(6):615-21. Related Articles,Links Sexual differentiation of the neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating mate recognition in mammals.Bakker J.Centre for Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Research Group in Behavioural Neuroendocrinology, University of Liege, B-4020 Liege, Belgium. jbakker@ulg.ac.beWhen in breeding condition, male and female mammals seek out and mate with opposite-sex conspecifics. The neural mechanisms controlling mate recognition and heterosexual partner preference are sexually differentiated by the perinatal actions of sex steroid hormones. Many mammalian species use odours to identify potential mates. Thus, sex differences in partner preference may actually reflect sex differences in how male and female mammals perceive socially relevant odours. Two olfactory systems have evolved in vertebrates that differ considerably in their anatomy and function. It is generally believed that the main olfactory system is used to detect a wide variety of volatile odours derived from food prey among many sources, whereas the accessory olfactory system has evolved to detect and process primarily nonvolatile odours shown to influence reproductive behaviours and neuroendocrine functions. Some recent results obtained in oestradiol-deficient aromatase knockout (ArKO) mice that provide evidence for a developmental role of oestradiol in olfactory investigation of volatile body odours are discussed, suggesting that: (i) oestrogens contribute to the development of the main olfactory system and (ii) mate recognition is mediated by the main as opposed to the accessory olfactory system. Thus, sex differences in mate recognition and sexual partner preference may reflect sex differences in the perception of odours by the main olfactory system.Publication Types:ReviewReview, TutorialPMID: 12716413 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2002 Aug;23(4):287-8. Related Articles,Links Comment in:Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2002 Aug;23(4):289-90.Mating types in yeast, vomeronasal organ in rodents, homosexuality in humans: does a guiding thread exist?Oliva D.oliva12@libero.itPheromones and their receptors are the molecules used by very different organisms in order to join two haploid cells. It happens evidently in yeast, since the two blending haploid cells are also the two mating organisms, whereas in rodents pheromone receptors are the triggers of the vomeronasal system which, supervising sexual behaviors, is responsible for copulation and therefore for fertilization. The debate is still open about the real significance of pheromones in humans but a working vomeronasal organ, able to recognize pheromones of the same sex, could be the simplest biological explanation of homosexuality. This hypothesis is discussed and connected with some well known experimental data.Publication Types:LetterPMID: 12195227 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Science. 1997 Jun 6;276(5318):1555-8. Related Articles,Links Genetic feminization of pheromones and its behavioral consequences in Drosophila males.Ferveur JF, Savarit F, O \'Kane CJ, Sureau G, Greenspan RJ, Jallon JM.Mecanismes de communication, Unite de Recherche Associee-CNRS 1491, Batiment 446, Universite Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay-Cedex, France. ferveur@ext.jussieu.frPheromones are intraspecific chemical signals important for mate attraction and discrimination. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, hydrocarbons on the cuticular surface of the animal are sexually dimorphic in both their occurrence and their effects: Female-specific molecules stimulate male sexual excitation, whereas the predominant male-specific molecule tends to inhibit male excitation. Complete feminization of the pheromone mixture produced by males was induced by targeted expression of the transformer gene in adult oenocytes (subcuticular abdominal cells) or by ubiquitous expression during early imaginal life. The resulting flies generally exhibited male heterosexual orientation but elicited homosexual courtship from other males.PMID: 9171057 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Mol Biol Evol. 2003 Jun 27 [Epub ahead of print]. Related Articles,Links Positive Selection During the Diversification of Class I Vomeronasal Receptor-Like (V1RL) Genes, Putative Pheromone Receptor Genes, in Human and Primate Evolution.Mundy NI, Cook S.Institute of Biological Anthropology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England.Vomeronasal receptors are the major receptors for pheromones in vertebrates and five putative type 1 vomeronasal receptors (V1RL) have been identified in humans. The evolution of the V1RL1 gene in non-human primates, and patterns of selection on V1RL genes, were investigated. The presumed orthologue of V1RL1 was sequenced from thirteen species of non-human primate, and in eight of these species V1RL1 was a pseudogene. Phylogenetic reconstructions reveal that V1RL1 pseudogene formation occurred independently in multiple primate lineages. Using maximum likelihood estimates of dN/dS ratios in PAML we show that V1RL genes have evolved under neutral evolution in lineages in which they became a pseudogene. In contrast, among lineages in which V1RL genes contain an open reading frame, the majority of sites are under purifying selection and a minority of sites are under significant positive selection. These results provide an interesting case where all three categories of selection can be teased apart in the same dataset using maximum likelihood methods. The finding of positive selection on V1RL genes during primate evolution provides indirect support for the hypothesis that V1RL genes have a function in species-specific pheromone detection in primates.PMID: 12832635 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]1: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Jul 8;100(14):8337-41. Epub 2003 Jun 25.Related Articles,Links Evolutionary deterioration of the vomeronasal pheromone transduction pathway in catarrhine primates.Zhang J, Webb DM.Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. jianzhi@umich.eduPheromones are water-soluble chemicals released and sensed by individuals of the same species to elicit social and reproductive behaviors or physiological changes; they are perceived primarily by the vomeronasal organ (VNO) in terrestrial vertebrates. Humans and some related primates possess only vestigial VNOs and have no or significantly reduced ability to detect pheromones, a phenomenon not well understood at the molecular level. Here we show that genes encoding the TRP2 ion channel and V1R pheromone receptors, two components of the vomeronasal pheromone signal transduction pathway, have been impaired and removed from functional constraints since shortly before the separation of hominoids and Old World monkeys approximately 23 million years ago, and that the random inactivation of pheromone receptor genes is an ongoing process even in present-day humans. The phylogenetic distribution of vomeronasal pheromone insensitivity is concordant with those of conspicuous female sexual swelling and male trichromatic color vision, suggesting that a vision-based signaling-sensory mechanism may have in part replaced the VNO-mediated chemical-based system in the social/reproductive activities of hominoids and Old World monkeys (catarrhines).PMID: 12826614 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Mar 18;100(6):3328-32. Epub 2003 Mar 11.Related Articles,Links Relaxed selective pressure on an essential component of pheromone transduction in primate evolution.Liman ER, Innan H.Department of Biological Sciences and Program in Neurosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. Liman@USC.eduThe vomeronasal organ (VNO) detects pheromones in many vertebrate species but is likely to be vestigial in humans. TRPC2(TRP2), a gene that is essential for VNO function in the mouse, is a pseudogene in humans. Because TRPC2 is expressed only in the VNO, the loss of selective pressure on this gene can serve as a molecular marker for the time at which the VNO became vestigial. By analyzing sequence data from the TRPC2 gene of 15 extant primate species, we provide evidence that the VNO was most likely functional in the common ancestor of New World monkeys and Old World monkeys and apes, but then became vestigial in the common ancestor of Old World monkeys and apes. We propose that, at this point in evolution, other modalities, notably the development of color vision, may have largely replaced signaling by pheromones.PMID: 12631698 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: J Soc Cosmet Chem. 1976 Jun;27(6):257-69. Related Articles,Links Sex attractants in primates.Keverne EB.PIP: The role of olfactory sexual attractants in the sex behavior of primates is discussed. These olfactory cues can prompt mounting, masturbation, and ejaculation, increase grooming behavior, and reduce aggressive behavior. In rhesus monkeys, the addition of phenylpropanoic and parahydroxyphenylpropanoic acids to a synthetic acid mixture has been shown to enhance the effectiveness of the synthetic pheromone. However, the response produced was often varied, which demonstrates the complexity of defining an olfactory sexual response in higher primates. A possible mechanism by which pheromones elicit sexual behavior is discussed. PMID: 12259493 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Chem Senses. 2002 Jul;27(6):529-37. Related Articles,Links Identification of V1R-like putative pheromone receptor sequences in non-human primates. Characterization of V1R pseudogenes in marmoset, a primate species that possesses an intact vomeronasal organ.Giorgi D, Rouquier S.IGH, CNRS UPR 1142, Montpellier, France.The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is responsible in terrestrial vertebrates for the sensory perception of some pheromones, chemicals that elicit characteristic behaviors among individuals of the same species. Two multigene families (V1R, V2R) that encode proteins with seven putative transmembrane domains that are expressed selectively in different neuron subsets of the VNO have been described in rodents. Pheromone-induced behaviors and a functional VNO have been described in a number of mammals, but this sensory organ seems absent in adult catarrhines and apes, including humans. Until now, only pseudogenes have been isolated in humans, except one putative V1R (hV1RL1) sequence expressed in the main olfactory epithelium. We sought to isolate V1R-like genes in a New World monkey species, the marmoset Callithrix jacchus, that possesses an intact VNO and for which pheromone-induced behavior has been well documented. Using library screening approaches, we have identified five different sequences that exhibit characteristic features of V1R sequences, but that are non-functional pseudogenes. In an attempt to sort out functional V1R genes, we next cloned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) the primate orthologues of hV1RL1. This approach was successful for gorilla, chimpanzee and orangutan, but not for the other species, including marmoset, probably because these species are too divergent from humans. Chimpanzee and orangutan V1RL1 genes are pseudogenes, whereas the gorilla counterpart is potentially functional. These observations raise the possibility that the V1R family has evolved in such a manner in mammals that every species that relies on a VNO-mediated sensory function possesses its own set of functional vomeronasal genes.PMID: 12142329 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Neuroreport. 2001 Jul 20;12(10):2231-6. Related Articles,Links Functional imaging of brain activity in conscious monkeys responding to sexually arousing cues.Ferris CF, Snowdon CT, King JA, Duong TQ, Ziegler TE, Ugurbil K, Ludwig R, Schultz-Darken NJ, Wu Z, Olson DP, Sullivan Jr JM, Tannenbaum PL, Vaughan JT.Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.Olfactory cues can elicit intense emotional responses. This study used fMRI in male common marmoset monkeys to identify brain areas associated with sexual arousal in response to odors of ovulating female monkeys. Under light anesthesia, monkeys were secured in a specially designed restrainer and positioned in a 9.4 T magnetic resonance spectrometer. When fully conscious, they were presented with the scents of both ovariectomized and ovulating monkeys. The sexually arousing odors of the ovulating monkeys enhanced signal intensity in the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus compared to the odors of ovariectomized monkeys. These data corroborate previous findings in monkeys based on invasive electrical lesion and stimulation techniques and demonstrate the feasibility of using non-invasive functional imaging on fully conscious common marmosets to study cue-elicited emotional responses.PMID: 11447340 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Chem Senses. 2001 Jun;26(5):449-58. Related Articles,Links Female marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) can be identified from the chemical composition of their scent marks.Smith TE, Tomlinson AJ, Mlotkiewicz JA, Abbott DH.School of Biology and Biochemistry, Queen \'s University of Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, UK. t.smith@qub.ac.ukThe present study analyzed 42 organic solvent extracts of scent mark pools from five dominant female common marmosets by gas chromatography (GC) and combined GC and mass spectrometry. We determined whether there were qualitative or quantitative differences between the chemical composition of scent marks from individual females. Gas chromatography and mass spectral analysis detected the same 162 chemicals in 86% (36/42) of scent mark pools from five dominant females. This near identical chemical composition of scent marks suggested there were few, if any, qualitative differences between the chemical composition of scent marks from individual females. Instead, quantitative differences in scent may provide the key factor distinguishing individual females. Using the relative concentration of highly volatile chemicals detected by GC in scent marks, linear discriminant analysis classified scent mark pools to their correct donor approximately 91% of the time. Such highly reliable statistical matching of scent to donor suggested that each individual female common marmoset has a unique ratio of highly volatile chemicals in their scent marks which may permit individual identification of females from odors in their scent alone.PMID: 11418490 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Anat Rec. 2000 Sep 1;260(1):92-101. Related Articles,Links 3.0.CO;2-%23 \" OnClick= \"window.open( \'http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0185(20000901)260:13.0.CO;2-%23 \', \' \', \'resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,toolbar=yes,location=yes,directories=yes,status=yes,menubar=yes,copyhistory=no \');return false; \"Comparative morphology and histochemistry of glands associated with the vomeronasal organ in humans, mouse lemurs, and voles.Roslinski DL, Bhatnagar KP, Burrows AM, Smith TD.School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania 16057, USA.The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a chemosensory structure of the vertebrate nasal septum that has been recently shown to exist in nearly all adult humans. Although its link to reproductive behaviors has been shown in some primates, its functionality in humans is still debated. Some authors have suggested that the human VNO has the capacity to detect pheromones, while others described it as little more than a glandular pit. However, no studies have utilized histochemical techniques that would reveal whether the human VNO functions as a generalized gland duct or a specialized chemosensory organ. Nasal septal tissue from 13 humans (2-86 years old) were compared to that of two adult lemurs (Microcebus murinus) and eight adult voles (four Microtus pennsylvanicus and four Microtus ochrogaster). Sections at selected intervals of the VNO were stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), alcian blue (AB), AB-PAS, and PAS-hematoxylin procedures. Results revealed typical well-developed VNOs with tubuloacinar glands in Microtus and Microcebus. VNO glands were AB-negative and PAS-positive in voles and mouse lemurs. Homo differed from Microtus and Microcebus in having more branched, AB and PAS-positive glands that emptied into the VNO lumen. Furthermore, the human VNO epithelium had unicellular mucous glands (AB and PAS-positive) and cilia, similar to respiratory epithelia. These results demonstrate unique characteristics of the human VNO which at once differs from glandular ducts (e.g., cilia) and also from the VNOs of mammals possessing demonstrably functional VNO. Copyright 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.PMID: 10967540 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Physiol Behav. 1997 Nov;62(5):1003-8. Related Articles,Links Effect of vomeronasal organ removal on male socio-sexual responses to female in a prosimian primate (Microcebus murinus).Aujard F.CNRS URA 1183, Laboratoire d \'Ecologie Generale, MNHN, Brunoy, France.In most mammals, olfactory cues play an important role in regulating socio-sexual behaviors, but the relative contributions of the main olfactory system and the vomeronasal system remain unclear. The lesser mouse lemur, a nocturnal prosimian, possesses well-developed chemosensory structures, including a functional vomeronasal organ (VNO). In this primitive primate, social communication and competition between males for priority access to receptive females includes reliance on urinary chemical cues. To assess the role of the VNO in mediating males \' behavioural responses to females, sexually-experienced intact males (C, n = 8) or males deprived of their VNO (VNX, n = 8) were put in pairs and their socio-sexual behaviors in response to a preoestrous female were monitored. Independent of social context (with or without female), VNX males exhibited less sniffing behaviors than C males, but their marking behaviors, although reduced, were not significantly different. Removal of the VNO dramatically reduced the frequency of both sexual behaviors (anogenital investigations, mounts) and intermale aggressive behaviors. However, VNO removal did not impair successful mating and had no effect on plasma testosterone levels. Lastly, VNX males always exhibited a significantly lower general activity level than C males. The decrease in sexual behaviors and the lack of aggressive intermale competition in responses to a preoestrous female possibly proceed from functional disturbances of central nervous areas connected to the vomeronasal system rather than from a chemosensory deficit per se.PMID: 9333193 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Physiol Behav. 1995 Oct;58(4):633-9. Related Articles,Links Sexual responses to urinary chemosignals depend on photoperiod in a male primate.Perret M, Schilling A.CNRS URA 1183, Laboratoire d \'Ecologie Generale, MNHN, Brunoy, France.In male lesser mouse lemurs, testicular size and plasma testosterone levels are controlled by photoperiodic variations but can be modified by urinary cues from conspecifics. To test whether urinary cues may have differential effects on testicular size and testosterone levels depending on the photoperiodic state of the receiver, isolated males were exposed for 4 wk to urinary cues from oestrous females or dominant males:--at the beginning of the breeding season induced by long photoperiod (LD),--during refractoriness to LD leading to spontaneous sexual regression and during sexual quiescence exhibited by males kept in short photoperiod (SD). Urinary chemosignals from females were always stimulatory producing significant increases in testosterone levels. By contrast, urinary cues from dominant males produced significant differential effects on reproductive function. They depressed sexual function only at the beginning of the breeding season. During SD or during refractoriness to LD, chemosignals were stimulatory leading to increases in testosterone levels and full development of testes. These results demonstrate that the same chemosignal may have opposite effect on sexual function of the receiver depending on endocrine mechanisms set up by photoperiod.PMID: 8559770 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Folia Primatol (Basel). 1992;59(1):1-25. Related Articles,Links Environmental and social determinants of sexual function in the male lesser mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus).Perret M.CNRS, URA 1183, MNHN, Brunoy, France.Environmental factors that regulate the sexual activity of male lesser mouse lemurs have been studied experimentally with more than 60 captive animals over an 8-year period. In this nocturnal Malagasy prosimian, variation in day length is the primary factor controlling seasonal sexual activity. Plasma testosterone concentrations were low (= 9 ng/ml) during short days and reached 60 ng/ml during long days (> 12-hour day). This cyclic pattern persists unchanged when artificial photoperiodic rhythms are applied and is not altered by ageing. The timing of puberty is also regulated by photoperiodic changes. Nevertheless, the sexual activity of the male lesser mouse lemur can be dramatically modified by the social environment. In heterosexual groups, behavioural and physiological components of sexual activity are depressed in all males except the dominant one, whose aggressive interactions are always successful. Intermale sexual inhibition was shown to be mediated by chemical cues present in the urine of dominant or isolated males but not in urine of subordinate individuals. The inhibitory signals possess lipophilic properties and are not contingent on the gonadal activity of the urine donor but are linked to adrenocortical activity. By contrast, chemical signals stimulating the reproductive function of all males are found in the urine of females, the presence of which is required for the establishment of clear dominance among grouped males. Endocrine mechanisms underlying intermale sexual inhibition by chemical cues were analysed. Variations in prolactin strongly suggest that olfaction interacts with the photoperiodic regulation of reproductive function, leading to changes in the sensitivity of the negative feedback effect of testosterone on gonadotrophin secretion. Inhibitory or stimulatory effects of chemical signals are discussed in the context of their functional significance for wild populations.PMID: 1473776 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]","null","null","");arrFiles[7]=new Array("http://www.gendercare.com/library/tipslibrary16.html","Library Selection 16 - Gender Identity....a question of hormones...genes...or both?","Selection 16 - Gender Identity....a question of hormones...genes...or both? Library Selection 1 - Kruijver et al,2000 and others Abstracts and Free Full Papers Library Selection 2 - Aphallia & Sissyboys Library Selection 3 - Transsexual Hormone Therapy (HRT) Library Selection 4 - Hormones and the primate Brain... humans and non humans... USA studies. Library Selection 5 - FtM Transsexual, Aphallia & Micropenis Library Selection 6 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Transgenders and Crossdressers Library Selection 7 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Torres & Jurberg Hypothesis Library Selection 8 - SF-1 and DAX-1 papers Library Selection 9 - Dörner....and the brain sexual differentiation	Library Selection 10 - Imperato_McGinley...and T action for the gender identity masculinization Library Selection 11 - Kula important paper.... and T Aromatization in the brain...	Library Selection 12 - Bhakti Ananda Goswami & Wal Torres ... and the Copernican	revolution of man and woman definition Library Selection 13 - Bhakti Ananda Goswami ... sex and gender is characterized by the whole person...not by its parts. Library Selection 14 - Aromatization.... and mammalial brain masculinization.	Library Selection 15 - Pheromones....& sexual orientation....and homosexuality Library Selection 16 - Gender Identity....a question of hormones...genes...or both?	See here some scientific abstracts from Medline.	Access Medline Abstracts and Papers yourself directly.	See below some wonderful paper abstracts and sometimes FREE FULL PAPERS!.	Today no informed human being may ignore gender identity is	a biologic and not socio-psychologic question. The \"sex of rearing \" theory died.	Today researchers are looking for the biologic control of gender identity	differentiation in the brain. Only steroid hormone action is important? Or gene	differentiation also is important? For years I am saying, and I wrote in 1995	and 1998: the brain sexual differentiation is a neural-endocrino-genic process...	now we are seeing more and more about that reality. What has those discoveries	to do with homosexuality or heterosexuality? NOTHING, SURELY! But they are very	important to understand gender identity and gender identity disorders!!!	1: Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2003 Oct 21;118(1-2):82-90. Related Articles,Links Sexually dimorphic gene expression in mouse brain precedes gonadal differentiation.Dewing P, Shi T, Horvath S, Vilain E.Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USAThe classic view of brain sexual differentiation and behavior is that gonadal steroid hormones act directly to promote sex differences in neural and behavioral development. In particular, the actions of testosterone and its metabolites induce a masculine pattern of brain development, while inhibiting feminine neural and behavioral patterns of differentiation. However, recent evidence indicates that gonadal hormones may not solely be responsible for sex differences in brain development and behavior between males and females. Here we examine an alternative hypothesis that genes, by directly inducing sexually dimorphic patterns of neural development, can influence the sexual differences between male and female brains. Using microarrays and RT-PCR, we have detected over 50 candidate genes for differential sex expression, and confirmed at least seven murine genes which show differential expression between the developing brains of male and female mice at stage 10.5 days post coitum (dpc), before any gonadal hormone influence. The identification of genes differentially expressed between male and female brains prior to gonadal formation suggests that genetic factors may have roles in influencing brain sexual differentiation.PMID: 14559357 [PubMed - in process]1: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Apr 15;100(8):4873-8. Epub 2003 Apr 02.Related Articles,Links Neural, not gonadal, origin of brain sex differences in a gynandromorphic finch.Agate RJ, Grisham W, Wade J, Mann S, Wingfield J, Schanen C, Palotie A, Arnold AP.Department of Physiological Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.In mammals and birds, sex differences in brain function and disease are thought to derive exclusively from sex differences in gonadal hormone secretions. For example, testosterone in male mammals acts during fetal and neonatal life to cause masculine neural development. However, male and female brain cells also differ in genetic sex; thus, sex chromosome genes acting within cells could contribute to sex differences in cell function. We analyzed the sexual phenotype of the brain of a rare gynandromorphic finch in which the right half of the brain was genetically male and the left half genetically female. The neural song circuit on the right had a more masculine phenotype than that on the left. Because both halves of the brain were exposed to a common gonadal hormone environment, the lateral differences indicate that the genetic sex of brain cells contributes to the process of sexual differentiation. Because both sides of the song circuit were more masculine than that of females, diffusible factors such as hormones of gonadal or neural origin also likely played a role in sexual differentiation.PMID: 12672961 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2002 Dec;22(5-6):479-500. Related Articles,Links Sexual differentiation of the brain: genes, estrogen, and neurotrophic factors.Carrer HF, Cambiasso MJ.Instituto de Investigacion Medica M. y M. Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Casilla de Correo 389, Cordoba 5000, Argentina. hfcarrer@immf.uncor.eduBased on evidence obtained during the past 50 years, the current hypothesis to explain the sexual dimorphism of structure and function in the brain of vertebrates maintains that these differences are produced by the epigenetic action of gonadal hormones. However, evidence has progressively accumulated suggesting that genetic mechanisms controlling sexual-specific neuronal characteristics precede, or occur in parallel with, hormonal effects. 1. In cultures of hypothalamic neurons taken from gestation day 16 (GD16) embryos, treatment of sexually segregated cultures with estradiol (E2) induces axon growth in neurons from male neurons, but not from female neurons. In these cultures treatment with E2 increased the levels of tyrosine kinase type B (TrkB) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptors in male but not in female neurons. This and other sex differences cannot be explained by differences in hormonal environment, because the donor embryos were obtained when gonadal secretion of steroids is just beginning, before the perinatal surge of testosterone that determines development of the male brain beginning at GD17/18. 2. The response to estrogen is contingent upon coculture with heterotopic glia (mostly astrocytes) from a target region (amygdala) harvested from same-sex fetuses at GD16, whereas in the presence of homotopic glia or in cultures without glia, E2 had no effect. It was concluded that the axogenic effect of E2 depends on interaction between neurons and glia from a target region and that neurons from fetal male donors appear to mature earlier than neurons from females, a differentiated response that takes place prior to divergent exposure to gonadal secretions. 3. The effects of target and nontarget glia-conditioned media (CM) on the E2-induced growth of neuronal processes of hypothalamic neurons obtained from sexually segregated fetal donors were also studied. Estrogen added to media conditioned by target glia modified the number of primary neurites and the growth of axons of hypothalamic neurons of males but not of females. 4. Neither the Type III steroidal receptor blocker tamoxifen nor Type I antiestrogen ICI 182,780 prevented the axogenic effects of the hormone. Estradiol made membrane-impermeable by conjugation to a protein of high molecular weight (E2-BSA) preserved its axogenic capacity, suggesting the possibility of a membrane effect responsible for the action of E2. 5. Western blot analysis of the tyrosine kinase type A (TrkA), type B (TrkB), type C (TrkC), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I R) receptors in extracts from homogenates of cultured hypothalamic neurons showed that in cultures of male-derived neurons grown with E2 and CM from target glia, the amounts of TrkB and IGF-I R increased notably. Densitometric quantification showed that these cultures had more TrkB than cultures with CM alone or E2 alone. On the contrary, in cultures of female-derived neurons, the presence of CM alone induced maximal levels of TrkB, which were not further increased by E2; female-derived neurons in all conditions did not contain IGF-I R. Levels of TrkC were not modified by any experimental condition in male- or female-derived cultures and Trk A was not found in the homogenates. These results are compared with similar data from other laboratories and integrated in a model for the confluent interaction of estrogen and neurotrophic factors released by glia that may contribute to the sexual differentiation of the brain.Publication Types:ReviewReview, AcademicPMID: 12585676 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Neuroscience. 2003;116(1):71-5. Related Articles,Links Sex differences in mouse cortical thickness are independent of the complement of sex chromosomes.Markham JA, Jurgens HA, Auger CJ, De Vries GJ, Arnold AP, Juraska JM.Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.Although the morphology of the cerebral cortex is known to be sexually dimorphic in several species, to date this difference has not been investigated in mice. The present study is the first to report that the mouse cerebral cortex is thicker in males than in females. We further asked if this sex difference is the result of gonadal hormones, or alternatively is induced by a direct effect of genes encoded on the sex chromosomes. The traditional view of mammalian neural sexual differentiation is that androgens or their metabolites act during early development to masculinize the brain, whereas a feminine brain develops in the relative absence of sex steroids. We used mice in which the testis determination gene Sry was inherited independently from the rest of the Y chromosome to produce XX animals that possessed either ovaries or testes, and XY animals that possessed either testes or ovaries. Thus, the design allowed assessment of the role of sex chromosome genes, independent of gonadal hormones, in the ontogeny of sex differences in the mouse cerebral cortex. When a sex difference was present, mice possessing testes were invariably masculine in the morphology of the cerebral cortex, independent of the complement of their sex chromosomes (XX vs. XY), and mice with ovaries always displayed the feminine phenotype. These data suggest that sex differences in cortical thickness are under the control of gonadal steroids and not sex chromosomal complement. However, it is unclear whether it is the presence of testicular secretions or the absence of ovarian hormones that is responsible for the thicker male cerebral cortex. Copyright 2003 IBROPMID: 12535939 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: J Neurosci. 2002 Oct 15;22(20):9005-14. Related Articles,Links A model system for study of sex chromosome effects on sexually dimorphic neural and behavioral traits.De Vries GJ, Rissman EF, Simerly RB, Yang LY, Scordalakes EM, Auger CJ, Swain A, Lovell-Badge R, Burgoyne PS, Arnold AP.Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9333, USA. devries@cns.umass.eduWe tested the hypothesis that genes encoded on the sex chromosomes play a direct role in sexual differentiation of brain and behavior. We used mice in which the testis-determining gene (Sry) was moved from the Y chromosome to an autosome (by deletion of Sry from the Y and subsequent insertion of an Sry transgene onto an autosome), so that the determination of testis development occurred independently of the complement of X or Y chromosomes. We compared XX and XY mice with ovaries (females) and XX and XY mice with testes (males). These comparisons allowed us to assess the effect of sex chromosome complement (XX vs XY) independent of gonadal status (testes vs ovaries) on sexually dimorphic neural and behavioral phenotypes. The phenotypes included measures of male copulatory behavior, social exploration behavior, and sexually dimorphic neuroanatomical structures in the septum, hypothalamus, and lumbar spinal cord. Most of the sexually dimorphic phenotypes correlated with the presence of ovaries or testes and therefore reflect the hormonal output of the gonads. We found, however, that both male and female mice with XY sex chromosomes were more masculine than XX mice in the density of vasopressin-immunoreactive fibers in the lateral septum. Moreover, two male groups differing only in the form of their Sry gene showed differences in behavior. The results show that sex chromosome genes contribute directly to the development of a sex difference in the brain.PMID: 12388607 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Nat Neurosci. 2002 Oct;5(10):933-4. Related Articles,Links Sex chromosome genes directly affect brain sexual differentiation.Carruth LL, Reisert I, Arnold AP.Department of Physiological Science and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.Sex differences in the brain are caused by differences in gonadal secretions: higher levels of testosterone during fetal and neonatal life cause the male brain to develop differently than the female brain. In contrast, genes encoded on the sex chromosomes are not thought to contribute directly to sex differences in brain development, even though male (XY) cells express Y-chromosome genes that are not present in female (XX) cells, and XX cells may have a higher dose of some X-chromosome genes. Using mice in which the genetic sex of the brain (XX versus XY) was independent of gonadal phenotype (testes versus ovaries), we found that XY and XX brain cells differed in phenotype, indicating that a brain cell \'s complement of sex chromosomes may contribute to its sexual differentiation.PMID: 12244322 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Eur J Neurosci. 2002 Aug;16(3):373-6. Related Articles,Links Genes controlling hypothalamic development and sexual differentiation.Tobet SA.Department of Physiology, The Shriver Center at UMMS, 200 Trapelo Road, Waltham, MA 02452, USA. Stuart.Tobet@umassmed.eduSteroid hormones dramatically influence the development of numerous sites in the nervous system. Basic mechanisms in neural development provide foci for understanding how factors related to sex can alter the ontogeny of these regions. Sex differences in neurogenesis, cell migration, cell differentiation, cell death, and synaptogenesis are being addressed. Any and all of these events serve as likely targets for genetic or gonadal steroid-dependent mechanisms throughout development. Although the majority of sexually dimorphic characteristics in brain have been described in older animals, many hormonal mechanisms that determine sexually differentiated brain characteristics occur during critical perinatal periods. Genes suggested to contribute to the development of specific hypothalamic nuclear groups have rarely been examined in the context of sex. The identification of sex differences in the expression of some of these genes may suggest early and likely transient molecular events that set the stage for later amplification by hormone actions. Sex differences in the positioning of cells in the developing hypothalamus further suggest that cell migration may be one key target for early gene actions that impact long-term susceptibility to brain sexual differentiation.Publication Types:ReviewReview, TutorialPMID: 12193176 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Endocr J. 2002 Apr;49(2):131-7. Related Articles,Links Sex-related differences in gene expression in neonatal rat hypothalamus assessed by cDNA microarray analysis.Yonehara K, Suzuki M, Nishihara M.Department of Veterinary Physiology, Veterinary Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Japan.Sexual differentiation of the rodent brain is recognized to involve transcriptional activation of multiple genes induced by gonadal steroids at developmental stages. To identify the genes differing in expression level between sexes, we analyzed gene expression in male and female rat hypothalami at postnatal day 5 by means of a cDNA microarray consisting of 2352 genes. By comparing the expression pattern between sexes, we identified 12 male-enriched genes and 20 female-enriched genes. Among them, the expression pattern of 1 male-enriched gene, jagged homolog 1, and those of 2 female-enriched genes, p27Kip1 and p130, were confirmed to be consistent with microarray data by RT-PCR. Investigation of these genes should help to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying sexual differentiation of the rodent central nervous system.PMID: 12081230 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Mol Genet Metab. 2002 Jan;75(1):31-7. Related Articles,Links Granulin precursor gene: a sex steroid-inducible gene involved in sexual differentiation of the rat brain.Suzuki M, Nishiahara M.Department of Veterinary Physiology, Veterinary Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.The mechanisms of sexual differentiation of the brain by sex steroids seem to be conserved throughout the mammalian species, although there may be some species differences. In rats, sex-dependent differentiation of the brain occurs in a sex steroid-dependent manner during the perinatal period known as the critical period. Androgen exposure during the perinatal period results in the development of structural and functional sexually dimorphic characteristics in the brain; the absence of testicular androgen leads the central nervous system to develop passively in a primarily female fashion, while the presence of androgen induces the masculinization of the brain. We attempted to characterize sex steroid-inducible genes that are involved in the sexually dimorphic function of the brain. Following the cDNA subtraction between hypothalami of 5-day-old intact and neonatally androgenized female rats, a granulin (grn) precursor gene was identified. The grn gene encodes a 6-kDa polypeptide known as a growth modulating factor of epithelial cells in vitro. Exogenous estrogen, as well as androgen, induced grn gene expression in the neonatal hypothalamus. In the brain of a 5-day-old male rat, grn mRNA was expressed in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Throughout the critical period for sexual differentiation of the brain, grn gene expression remained high in males, while in females it gradually decreased. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) complementary to grn mRNA was synthesized and infused into the third ventricle of male rats at 2 days of age. Two different control treatments were used; the first consisted of a control sequence ODN that had virtually no homology to known mRNAs, and the second consisted of vehicle alone. After maturation, the subject animals that were treated with antisense ODN of grn displayed significantly lower scores than the control males in various parameters assessing sexual behavior, i.e., mount, intromission, and ejaculation. The present results suggest that the grn gene, the expression of which is induced by sex steroids in the neonatal hypothalamus, plays a crucial role in the functional masculinization of the rat brain. (C)2002 Elsevier Science (USA).Publication Types:ReviewReview, TutorialPMID: 11825061 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2001 Dec 30;97(2):115-28. Related Articles,Links Low-density cDNA array-coupled to PCR differential display identifies new estrogen-responsive genes during the postnatal differentiation of the rat hypothalamus.Choi EJ, Ha CM, Choi J, Kang SS, Choi WS, Park SK, Kim K, Lee BJ.Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, South Korea.To identify estrogen (E)-responsive genes that may play important roles in the sexual differentiation and maturation of the neuroendocrine hypothalamus, we used mRNA differential display PCR to analyze hypothalamic RNA derived from estrogen-sterilized rats (ESRs). Neonatal rats were s.c.-injected with 100 microg of 17 beta-estradiol-benzoate (EB) for 5 days. Approximately 300 out of more than 2000 RNAs examined displayed a differential expression pattern between hypothalami of the ESR females compared to their 60-day-old controls. EB-dependent expression of these genes was further analyzed by low-density cDNA array using cDNA probe sets reverse-transcribed from the same groups; 98 genes were confirmed to be differentially expressed. We selected 41 clones that showed higher density differences between the two probe sets than mean density difference in control cyclophilin cDNA blots in the cDNA array. After being cloned into pGEM-T vectors, their sequences were analyzed. Homology searches identified four genes as a protein kinase C (PKC)-binding protein, NELL2 (clone 6-1), a thyroid nuclear factor, TTF-1 (9-1), Munc18-1 (17-6), and leuserpin-2 (18-5). The other 22 genes were similar to reported genes or cDNAs such as mouse kinesin-associated protein 3 (KAP3, 8b), mouse IgE binding lectin (15-1), normalized rat brain cDNA (5-1), rat cDNA (8-1) and rat embryonic cDNA (17-1). Fifteen clones such as clone 7-3 showed no match in the GenBank Database. Further characterization of eight clones (17-1, 7-3, 8-1, 5-1, NELL2, KAP3 homolog, IgE binding lectin homolog, and TTF-1) showed that their expression in the adult female rat hypothalamus is sensitive to neonatal treatment with EB. They showed brain-specific expression and moreover, showed an increase in their mRNA level before the initiation of puberty. Some of them showed gender differences in their different postnatal expression pattern. We speculate that further study will demonstrate that many of the E-regulated genes identified in the present study play important roles in the regulation of the sexual differentiation and E-dependent maturation of the hypothalamus.PMID: 11750068 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]","null","null","");arrFiles[8]=new Array("http://www.gendercare.com/library/tipslibrary2.html","Library Selection 2 - Aphallia and Sissyboys ","Library Selection 2 - Aphallia & Sissyboys Library Selection 1 - Kruijver et al,2000 and others Abstracts and Free Full Papers Library Selection 2 - Aphallia & Sissyboys Library Selection 3 - Transsexual Hormone Therapy (HRT) Library Selection 4 - Hormones and the primate Brain... humans and non humans... USA studies. Library Selection 5 - FtM Transsexual, Aphallia & Micropenis Library Selection 6 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Transgenders and Crossdressers Library Selection 7 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Torres & Jurberg Hypothesis Library Selection 8 - SF-1 and DAX-1 papers	See here some scientific abstracts from Medline.	Access Medline Abstracts and Papers yourself directly.	See below some wonderful paper abstracts and sometimes FREE FULL PAPERS!.	See what there is in Pubmed about Aphallia. Not so much... but see how the older papers showed more female assignments....and the new male assignments... things are changing.... the understanding of gender identity formation is deepening!!!!	Items 1-15 of 15Onepage.1: Tiwari S.Related Articles,Links Should infants with aphallia be raised as females?Indian Pediatr. 2003 Aug;40(8):802-3; author reply 803. No abstract available. PMID: 12951396 [PubMed - in process]2: Sarin YK, Sinha A.Related Articles,Links Aphallia.Indian Pediatr. 2003 Apr;40(4):367-8. No abstract available. PMID: 12736414 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]3: Threatt CB, Wiener JS.Related Articles,Links Aphallia with congenital urethrorectal fistula.Urology. 2003 Feb;61(2):458-9. No abstract available. PMID: 12597970 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]4: Lapointe SP, Wei DC, Hricak H, Varghese SL, Kogan BA, Baskin LS.Related Articles,Links Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of congenital anomalies of the external genitalia.Urology. 2001 Sep;58(3):452-6. PMID: 11549498 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]5: Menon PS, Khatwa UA.Related Articles,Links The child with micropenis.Indian J Pediatr. 2000 Jun;67(6):455-60. PMID: 10932967 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]6: Di Benedetto V, Idotta R, Lebet M, Puntorieri A.Related Articles,Links Penis, bladder and uretral agenesis associated with anorectal malformation in a living male neonate. Case report.Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1999;26(3-4):225-6. PMID: 10668164 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]7: Gripp KW, Barr M Jr, Anadiotis G, McDonald-McGinn DM, Zderic SA, Zackai EH.Related Articles,Links Aphallia as part of urorectal septum malformation sequence in an infant of a diabetic mother.Am J Med Genet. 1999 Feb 19;82(5):363-7. PMID: 10069704 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]8: Hendren WH.Related Articles,Links The genetic male with absent penis and urethrorectal communication: experience with 5 patients.J Urol. 1997 Apr;157(4):1469-74. PMID: 9120985 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]9: Nakaigawa N, Terashima K, Adachi M, Tachibana K.Related Articles,Links [A case of aphallia]Hinyokika Kiyo. 1996 Sep;42(9):695-7. Review. Japanese. PMID: 8918673 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]10: Ciftci AO, Senocak ME, Buyukpamukcu N.Related Articles,Links Male gender assignment in penile agenesis: a case report and review of the literature.J Pediatr Surg. 1995 Sep;30(9):1358-60. Review. PMID: 8523245 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]11: Carr MC, Benacerraf BR, Mandell J.Related Articles,Links Prenatal diagnosis of an XY fetus with aphallia and cloacal exstrophy variant.J Ultrasound Med. 1994 Apr;13(4):323-5. No abstract available. PMID: 7933001 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]12: Skoog SJ, Belman AB.Related Articles,Links Aphallia: its classification and management.J Urol. 1989 Mar;141(3):589-92. PMID: 2918598 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]13: Talwar S, Kapoor R.Related Articles,Links Aphallia.Indian Pediatr. 1988 Jun;25(6):579-81. No abstract available. PMID: 3235197 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]14: Krause W.Related Articles,Links [Teratogenic damages of the male genital organs]Fortschr Med. 1976 Oct 21;94(30):1673-5. German. PMID: 11158 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]15: Magalhaes LA.Related Articles,Links [Aphallia in Drepanotrema anatinum (Orbigny, 1835) (Pulmonata, Planorbidae)]Rev Bras Biol. 1965 May;25(1):93-6. Portuguese. No abstract available. PMID: 5852744 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]	See the last papers about effemination (sissyboys) in Pubmed. When a sissyboy shows a gender dysphoria and when shows a homosexual tendency? That is a very good question! Also here, things are changing..... the mix up between homosexuality and gender dysphorias is diminishing.... with the increasing of knowledge about the differences.	1: Retief FP, Cilliers JF.Related Articles,Links Congenital eunuchism and Favorinus.S Afr Med J. 2003 Jan;93(1):73-6. PMID: 12564336 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]2: Carrillo H.Related Articles,Links Cultural change, hybridity and male homosexuality in Mexico.Cult Health Sex. 1999 Jul-Sep;1(3):223-38. PMID: 12322216 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]3: Taywaditep KJ.Related Articles,Links Marginalization among the marginalized: gay men \'s anti-effeminacy attitudes.J Homosex. 2001;42(1):1-28. Review. PMID: 11991561 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]4: Alley TR, Dillon NE.Related Articles,Links Sex-linked carrying styles and the attribution of homosexuality.J Soc Psychol. 2001 Oct;141(5):660-6. PMID: 11758043 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]5: Sowards SK.Related Articles,Links Juan Gabriel and audience interpretation. cultural impressions of effeminacy and sexuality in Mexico.J Homosex. 2000;39(2):133-58. PMID: 10933285 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]6: Gogl A.Related Articles,Links [Old, in need of care and homosexual. Experiences of an patient and his nursing team]Pflege. 1998 Aug;11(4):224-34. German. PMID: 9775927 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]7: Babatzanis G.Related Articles,Links The analysis of a pre-homosexual child with a twelve-year developmental follow-up.Psychoanal Study Child. 1997;52:159-89. PMID: 9489466 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]8: Landen M, Walinder J, Lundstrom B.Related Articles,Links Incidence and sex ratio of transsexualism in Sweden.Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996 Apr;93(4):261-3. PMID: 8712025 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]9: Praat AC, Tuffin KF.Related Articles,Links Police discourses of homosexual men in New Zealand.J Homosex. 1996;31(4):57-73. PMID: 8905529 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]10: Friedman RM.Related Articles,Links The role of the testicles in male psychological development.J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 1996;44(1):201-53. Review. PMID: 8717484 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]11: Lewy E.Related Articles,Links [The transformation of Friedrich the Great. A psychoanalytic study]Psyche (Stuttg). 1995 Aug;49(8):727-804. German. PMID: 7676069 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]12: Woods G.Related Articles,Links Body, costume, and desire in Christopher Marlowe.J Homosex. 1992;23(1-2):69-84. PMID: 1431075 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]13: Kok LP, Ang YG, Fong YH, Siew SH.Related Articles,Links Profile of a homosexual in Singapore.Singapore Med J. 1991 Dec;32(6):403-8. PMID: 1788597 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]14: Bailey JM, Willerman L, Parks C.Related Articles,Links A test of the maternal stress theory of human male homosexuality.Arch Sex Behav. 1991 Jun;20(3):277-93. PMID: 2059147 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]15: Tsur H, Gilboa D, Borenstein A.Related Articles,Links [Sex reassignment surgery in a trans-sexual]Harefuah. 1989 May 10;116(10):509-11. Hebrew. PMID: 2792921 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]16: Zuger B.Related Articles,Links Homosexuality in families of boys with early effeminate behavior: an epidemiological study.Arch Sex Behav. 1989 Apr;18(2):155-66. PMID: 2712691 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]17: Zuger B.Related Articles,Links Is early effeminate behavior in boys early homosexuality?Compr Psychiatry. 1988 Sep-Oct;29(5):509-19. PMID: 3180761 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]18: Chiland C.Related Articles,Links [Childhood and transsexualism]Psychiatr Enfant. 1988;31(2):313-73. Review. French. PMID: 3051066 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]19: Sreenivasan U.Related Articles,Links Effeminate boys in a child psychiatric clinic: prevalence and associated factors.J Am Acad Child Psychiatry. 1985 Nov;24(6):689-94. No abstract available. PMID: 4067137 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]20: Harry J.Related Articles,Links Defeminization and social class.Arch Sex Behav. 1985 Feb;14(1):1-12. PMID: 3977581 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]","null","null","");arrFiles[9]=new Array("http://www.gendercare.com/library/tipslibrary5.html","Library Selection 5 - FtM Transsexual, Aphallia and Micropenis","Library Selection 5 - FtM Transsexuals, Aphallia & Micropenis Library Selection 1 - Kruijver et al,2000 and others Abstracts and Free Full Papers Library Selection 2 - Aphallia & Sissyboys Library Selection 3 - Transsexual Hormone Therapy (HRT) Library Selection 4 - Hormones and the primate Brain... humans and non humans... USA studies. Library Selection 5 - FtM Transsexual, Aphallia & Micropenis Library Selection 6 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Transgenders and Crossdressers Library Selection 7 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Torres & Jurberg Hypothesis Library Selection 8 - SF-1 and DAX-1 papers	See here some scientific abstracts from Medline.	Access Medline Abstracts and Papers yourself directly.	See below some wonderful paper abstracts and sometimes FREE FULL PAPERS!.	See interesting papers about neophallus construction and phallus size increasing	1: Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2003 Mar;24(1):100-5. Related Articles,Links Medical advances in transsexualism and the legal implications.Harish D, Sharma BR.Department of Forensic Medicine, Government Medical College, Chandigarh, India.Transsexualism is a condition wherein an individual \'s psychological gender is the opposite of his or her anatomic sex. The general belief now among behavioral scientists and physicians is that it is an identifiable and incapacitating disease, which can be diagnosed and successfully treated by reassignment surgery in carefully selected patients. Although many advances have been made in the reassignment surgery techniques, phalloplasty still remains a major challenge; to date, no ideal technique has been developed. The new gender created by the reassignment surgery has, in turn, led to many legal complications for postoperative transsexuals because states and the judiciary have not recognized the new gender. However, with wider acceptance of transsexuals by society, this outlook has changed for the better, with many states amending their laws in accordance with the advances in medical sciences. But in many developed and the developing countries, transsexuals are not given a legal identity, thereby adding to their agonies and miseries.PMID: 12605009 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: J Urol. 2003 Jan;169(1):221-3. Related Articles,Links Obtaining rigidity in total phalloplasty: experience with 35 patients.Hoebeke P, de Cuypere G, Ceulemans P, Monstrey S.Department of Pediatric Urology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.PURPOSE: The combination of a neourethra and erection prosthesis in a single neophallus in the female-to-male transsexual remains a challenge. The outcome reported in the literature is disappointing. We report our experience with 35 patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between August 1996 and December 2001, 35 patients underwent implantation surgery. A 1-piece hydraulic Dynaflex prosthesis (American Medical Systems, Minnetonka, Minnesota) was used in 10 patients, while a 3-piece hydraulic CXM and CX (American Medical Systems) prosthesis was placed in 9 and 16, respectively. The 1-piece model was withdrawn from the market in 1997. Thereafter a 3-piece prosthesis was implanted. RESULTS: Of 10 patients in the 1-piece group prosthesis implantation was uneventful in 8. In 2 patients with technical failure the prosthesis was replaced, including 1 in whom the new prosthesis was removed due to infection and successfully replaced by a 3-piece prosthesis. To date at a mean followup of 3.5 years 9 patients have a 1-piece hydraulic prosthesis in place. In the 3-piece prosthesis group of 25 patients implantation was uneventful in 20. In 1 patient infection and partial necrosis of the neophallus developed, 2 had infection, in 1 a cylinder perforated the tip of the phallus and in 1 technical failure occurred. Of the latter 4 patients the prosthesis was replaced successfully in 2 patients, while the other 2 are on the waiting list. The patient with partial necrosis of the phallus is no longer a candidate for an erection prosthesis. To date at a mean followup of 1.8 years 23 patients have a 3-piece hydraulic prosthesis in place. A single patient in the 1-piece group has a 3-piece CX prosthesis. CONCLUSIONS: Good results were observed after implantation of the Dynaflex prosthesis in patients who underwent total phalloplasty. This model is no longer available today. For the more complex 3-piece CX and CXM prostheses implantation results are comparable to those of the 1-piece model.PMID: 12478140 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Eur Urol. 2002 Sep;42(3):245-53; discussion 252-3. Related Articles,Links A new technique for augmentation phalloplasty: albugineal surgery with bilateral saphenous grafts--three years of experience.Austoni E, Guarneri A, Cazzaniga A.Division of Urology, University of Milan, Ospedale S Giuseppe, Via S Vittore 12, 21123, Milan, Italy. edoardo.austoni@oh-fbf.itOBJECTIVES: Penile augmentation surgery is a highly controversial issue due to the low level of standardisation of surgical techniques. The aim of the study is to illustrate a new technique to solve the problem of enlarging the penis by means of additive surgery on the albuginea of the corpora cavernosa, guaranteeing a real increase in size of the erect penis. METHODS: Between 1995 and 1997, 39 patients who requested an increase in the diameter of their penises underwent augmentation phalloplasty with bilateral saphena grafts. The patients considered eligible for surgery were patients with either hypoplasia of the penis or functional penile dysmorphophobia. All the patients included in our study presented normal erection at screening. The average penis diameter in a flaccid state and during erection was found to be 2.1cm (1.6-2.7 cm) and 2.9 cm (2.2-3.7 cm), respectively.Before surgery the patients were informed of the experimental nature of the surgical procedure. The increase in volume of the corpora cavernosa was achieved by applying saphena grafts to longitudinal openings made bilaterally in the albuginea along the whole length of the penis. RESULTS: No major complications and specifically no losses of sensitivity of the penis or erection deficiencies occurred during the post-operative follow-up period. All the patients resumed their sexual activity in 4 months. A measurement of the penile dimensions was carried out 9 months after surgery. No clinical meaningful increases in the diameter of the flaccid penis were documented. The average penis diameter during erection was found to be 4.2 cm (3.4-4.9) with post-surgery increases in diameter varying from 1.1 to 2.1cm (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The penile enlargement phalloplasty technique with albuginea surgery suggested by the authors definitely is indicated for increasing the volume of the corpora cavernosa during erection. Albuginea surgery with saphena grafts has been found to be free from aesthetic and functional complications with excellent patient satisfaction.PMID: 12234509 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: J Urol. 2001 Aug;166(2):597-9. Related Articles,Links Complete phalloplasty using the free radial forearm flap for correcting micropenis associated with vesical exstrophy.De Fontaine S, Lorea P, Wespes E, Schulman C, Goldschmidt D.Plastic Surgery and Urology Departments, University Hospital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium.PURPOSE: We present a new surgical technique for reconstructing the penis in a man with micropenis associated with vesical exstrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A free radial forearm flap was used to create a penis of normal length and diameter. The flap was wrapped around the native micropenis. A penile prosthesis was then inserted in the flap to provide erection. RESULTS: The flap was well vascularized and no skin damage was observed 6 years after reconstruction. The patient achieved sexual intercourse on a regular basis. He is satisfied with the result. CONCLUSIONS: Free transfer of the radial forearm flap may be done in select men with micropenis associated with vesical exstrophy for penile reconstruction. An inflatable prosthesis may be inserted in the flap to provide erection. The results of this technique have remained stable in the long term. This method provides a new tool for phalloplasty in these difficult cases.PMID: 11458075 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]21: Marten Perolino R.Related Articles,Links [Reconstructive phalloplasty]Arch Ital Urol Androl. 1998 Dec;70(5):247-9. Italian. PMID: 9882907 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]22: Randone D, Giargia E, Neira D.Related Articles,Links [Augmentation phalloplasty according to the G. Tritto technique]Arch Ital Urol Androl. 1998 Dec;70(5):235-9. Review. Italian. PMID: 9882905 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]23: Fang RH, Kao YS, Ma S, Lin JT.Related Articles,Links Glans sculpting in phalloplasty--experiences in female-to-male transsexuals.Br J Plast Surg. 1998 Jul;51(5):376-9. PMID: 9771364 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]24: Mikhailichenko VV, Kochish AIu, Vavilov VN, Fesenko VN.Related Articles,Links [A method of phalloplasty using a non-free skin-fat flap from the thigh]Vestn Khir Im I I Grek. 1998;157(3):53-5. Russian. PMID: 9751972 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]25: Ochoa B.Related Articles,Links Trauma of the external genitalia in children: amputation of the penis and emasculation.J Urol. 1998 Sep;160(3 Pt 2):1116-9; discussion 1137. PMID: 9719288 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]26: Sano K, Terashima K, Hizukuri K, Tachibana K, Tanaka Y.Related Articles,Links [A case of male dysgenetic pseudohermaphroditism detected by the rapid growth of phallus]Hinyokika Kiyo. 1998 Jan;44(1):57-9. Japanese. PMID: 9503212 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]27: Capelouto CC, Orgill DP, Loughlin KR.Related Articles,Links Complete phalloplasty with a prelaminated osteocutaneous fibula flap.J Urol. 1997 Dec;158(6):2238-9. No abstract available. PMID: 9366358 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]28: Hage JJ, Winters HA, Van Lieshout J.Related Articles,Links Fibula free flap phalloplasty: modifications and recommendations.Microsurgery. 1996;17(7):358-65. PMID: 9379882 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]29: Burnett AL.Related Articles,Links Fascia lata in penile reconstructive surgery: a reappraisal of the fascia lata graft.Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997 Apr;99(4):1061-7. PMID: 9091903 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]30: Hage JJ.Related Articles,Links Dynaflex prosthesis in total phalloplasty.Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997 Feb;99(2):479-85. PMID: 9030158 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]31: Chesson RR, Gilbert DA, Jordan GH, Schlossberg SM, Ramsey GT, Gilbert DM.Related Articles,Links The role of colpocleisis with urethral lengthening in transsexual phalloplasty.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996 Dec;175(6):1443-9; discussion 1449-50. PMID: 8987923 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]32: Hage JJ, Winters HA.Related Articles,Links Salvage of a \"free flap \" phalloplasty by distal arteriovenous fistula: case report.J Reconstr Microsurg. 1996 Jul;12(5):279-82. PMID: 8835825 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]33: Bodlund O, Kullgren G.Related Articles,Links Transsexualism--general outcome and prognostic factors: a five-year follow-up study of nineteen transsexuals in the process of changing sex.Arch Sex Behav. 1996 Jun;25(3):303-16. PMID: 8726553 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]34: Shcheplev PA, Adamian RG, Abbakumov LA, Amosov FR.Related Articles,Links [Subtotal and total urethroplasty in men using a free vascularized radial skin flap]Urol Nefrol (Mosk). 1996 May-Jun;(3):36-9. Russian. PMID: 8928331 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]35: Nikolova-Vateva A, Katsarov M, Panchev P, Evstatiev D.Related Articles,Links [The 1st steps in the surgical treatment of transsexualism in Bulgaria]Khirurgiia (Sofiia). 1996;49(1):40-1. Bulgarian. PMID: 8975089 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]36: Hage JJ.Related Articles,Links Metaidoioplasty: an alternative phalloplasty technique in transsexuals.Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996 Jan;97(1):161-7. PMID: 8532774 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]37: Alter GJ.Related Articles,Links Augmentation phalloplasty.Urol Clin North Am. 1995 Nov;22(4):887-902. PMID: 7483137 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]38: Perovic S.Related Articles,Links Phalloplasty in children and adolescents using the extended pedicle island groin flap.J Urol. 1995 Aug;154(2 Pt 2):848-53. PMID: 7609196 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]39: Hage JJ.Related Articles,Links Medical requirements and consequences of sex reassignment surgery.Med Sci Law. 1995 Jan;35(1):17-24. PMID: 7877467 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]40: Jordan GH, Alter GJ, Gilbert DA, Horton CE, Devine CJ Jr.Related Articles,Links Penile prosthesis implantation in total phalloplasty.J Urol. 1994 Aug;152(2 Pt 1):410-4. PMID: 8015083 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]41: Fang RH, Lin JT, Ma S.Related Articles,Links Phalloplasty for female transsexuals with sensate free forearm flap.Microsurgery. 1994;15(5):349-52. PMID: 7934804 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]42: Hage JJ.Related Articles,Links Phalloplasty for female transsexuals.Microsurgery. 1994;15(12):895. No abstract available. PMID: 7707933 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]43: Hage JJ, Bloem JJ, Suliman HM.Related Articles,Links Review of the literature on techniques for phalloplasty with emphasis on the applicability in female-to-male transsexuals.J Urol. 1993 Oct;150(4):1093-8. Review. No abstract available. PMID: 8371361 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]44: Sengezer M, Sadove RC.Related Articles,Links Scrotal construction by expansion of labia majora in biological female transsexuals.Ann Plast Surg. 1993 Oct;31(4):372-6. PMID: 8239440 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]45: Hage JJ, de Graaf FH, van den Hoek J, Bloem JJ.Related Articles,Links Phallic construction in female-to-male transsexuals using a lateral upper arm sensate free flap and a bladder mucosa graft.Ann Plast Surg. 1993 Sep;31(3):275-80. PMID: 8239421 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]46: Hage JJ, de Graaf FH, Bouman FG, Bloem JJ.Related Articles,Links Sculpturing the glans in phalloplasty.Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993 Jul;92(1):157-61; discussion 162. Review. PMID: 8516394 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]47: Gilbert DA, Jordan GH, Devine CJ Jr, Winslow BH, Schlossberg SM.Related Articles,Links Phallic construction in prepubertal and adolescent boys.J Urol. 1993 Jun;149(6):1521-6. PMID: 8501802 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]48: Hage JJ, Bouman FG, de Graaf FH, Bloem JJ.Related Articles,Links Construction of the neophallus in female-to-male transsexuals: the Amsterdam experience.J Urol. 1993 Jun;149(6):1463-8. PMID: 8501789 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]49: Hage JJ, Bouman FG, Bloem JJ.Related Articles,Links Preconstruction of the pars pendulans urethrae for phalloplasty in female-to-male transsexuals.Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993 Jun;91(7):1303-7. PMID: 8497531 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]50: Hage JJ, Bloem JJ, Bouman FG.Related Articles,Links Obtaining rigidity in the neophallus of female-to-male transsexuals: a review of the literature.Ann Plast Surg. 1993 Apr;30(4):327-33. Review. PMID: 8512288 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]51: Hage JJ, Bout CA, Bloem JJ, Megens JA.Related Articles,Links Phalloplasty in female-to-male transsexuals: what do our patients ask for?Ann Plast Surg. 1993 Apr;30(4):323-6. PMID: 8512287 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]52: Lief HI, Hubschman L.Related Articles,Links Orgasm in the postoperative transsexual.Arch Sex Behav. 1993 Apr;22(2):145-55. PMID: 8476334 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]53: Hage JJ, Bloem JJ.Related Articles,Links Review of the literature on construction of a neourethra in female-to-male transsexuals.Ann Plast Surg. 1993 Mar;30(3):278-86. Review. PMID: 8494313 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]54: Coleman E, Bockting WO, Gooren L.Related Articles,Links Homosexual and bisexual identity in sex-reassigned female-to-male transsexuals.Arch Sex Behav. 1993 Feb;22(1):37-50. PMID: 8435038 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]55: Fisch M, Wammack R, Ahlers J, Sennerich T, Muller SC, Hohenfellner R.Related Articles,Links Osseous fixation of a penile prosthesis after transsexual phalloplasty: a case report.J Urol. 1993 Jan;149(1):122-5. PMID: 8417192 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]56: Noordanus RP, Hage JJ.Related Articles,Links Late salvage of a \"free flap \" phalloplasty: a case report.Microsurgery. 1993;14(9):599-600. PMID: 8289644 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]57: Hage JJ, De Graaf FH.Related Articles,Links Addressing the ideal requirements by free flap phalloplasty: some reflections on refinements of technique.Microsurgery. 1993;14(9):592-8. PMID: 8289643 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]58: Gilbert DA, Jordan GH, Devine CJ Jr, Winslow BH.Related Articles,Links Microsurgical forearm \"cricket bat-transformer \" phalloplasty.Plast Reconstr Surg. 1992 Oct;90(4):711-6. PMID: 1410012 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]59: Young VL, Khouri RK, Lee GW, Nemecek JA.Related Articles,Links Advances in total phalloplasty and urethroplasty with microvascular free flaps.Clin Plast Surg. 1992 Oct;19(4):927-38. Review. PMID: 1339647 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]60: Hage JJ, Bouman FG.Related Articles,Links Silicone genital prosthesis for female-to-male transsexuals.Plast Reconstr Surg. 1992 Sep;90(3):516-9. PMID: 1513902 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]","null","null","");arrFiles[10]=new Array("http://www.gendercare.com/library/tipslibrary1.html","Library Selection 1 - Free Full Papers & Abstracts","Library Selection 1 - Free Full Papers & Abstracts General Library Selection 1 - Kruijver et al,2000 and others Abstracts and Free Full Papers Library Selection 2 - Aphallia & Sissyboys Library Selection 3 - Transsexual Hormone Therapy (HRT) Library Selection 4 - Hormones and the primate Brain... humans and non humans... USA studies. Library Selection 5 - FtM Transsexual, Aphallia & Micropenis Library Selection 6 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Transgenders and Crossdressers Library Selection 7 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Torres & Jurberg Hypothesis Library Selection 8 - SF-1 and DAX-1 papers	See here some scientific abstracts from Medline.	Access Medline Abstracts and Papers yourself directly.	See below some wonderful paper abstracts and sometimes FREE FULL PAPERS!.	NEW!!!See those so important papers,	about the relation between the neurobiological reality of our brains, and our	virtual reality of our feelings, including our gender identity. You may read those FREE FULL PAPERS !!!!! Click on the button below!	1: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 May;85(5):2034-41. Related Articles,Links Male-to-female transsexuals have female neuron numbers in a limbic nucleus.Kruijver FP, Zhou JN, Pool CW, Hofman MA, Gooren LJ, Swaab DF.Graduate School Neurosciences Amsterdam, The Netherlands Institute for Brain Research. F.Kruijver@nih.knaw.nlTranssexuals experience themselves as being of the opposite sex, despite having the biological characteristics of one sex. A crucial question resulting from a previous brain study in male-to-female transsexuals was whether the reported difference according to gender identity in the central part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTc) was based on a neuronal difference in the BSTc itself or just a reflection of a difference in vasoactive intestinal polypeptide innervation from the amygdala, which was used as a marker. Therefore, we determined in 42 subjects the number of somatostatin-expressing neurons in the BSTc in relation to sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, and past or present hormonal status. Regardless of sexual orientation, men had almost twice as many somatostatin neurons as women (P < 0.006). The number of neurons in the BSTc of male-to-female transsexuals was similar to that of the females (P = 0.83). In contrast, the neuron number of a female-to-male transsexual was found to be in the male range. Hormone treatment or sex hormone level variations in adulthood did not seem to have influenced BSTc neuron numbers. The present findings of somatostatin neuronal sex differences in the BSTc and its sex reversal in the transsexual brain clearly support the paradigm that in transsexuals sexual differentiation of the brain and genitals may go into opposite directions and point to a neurobiological basis of gender identity disorder.PMID: 10843193 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Feb;86(2):818-27. Related Articles,Links Sex differences in androgen receptors of the human mamillary bodies are related to endocrine status rather than to sexual orientation or transsexuality.Kruijver FP, Fernandez-Guasti A, Fodor M, Kraan EM, Swaab DF.Graduate School of Neurosciences, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands. f.kruijver@nih.knaw.nlIn a previous study we found androgen receptor (AR) sex differences in several regions throughout the human hypothalamus. Generally, men had stronger nuclear AR immunoreactivity (AR-ir) than women. The strongest nuclear labeling was found in the caudal hypothalamus in the mamillary body complex (MBC), which is known to be involved in aspects of cognition and sexual behavior. The present study was carried out to investigate whether the sex difference in AR-ir of the MBC is related to sexual orientation or gender identity (i.e. the feeling of being male or female) or to circulating levels of androgens, as nuclear AR-ir is known to be up-regulated by androgens. Therefore, we studied the MBC in postmortem brain material from the following groups: young heterosexual men, young homosexual men, aged heterosexual castrated and noncastrated men, castrated and noncastrated transsexuals, young heterosexual women, and a young virilized woman. Nuclear AR-ir did not differ significantly between heterosexual and homosexual men, but was significantly stronger than that in women. A female-like pattern of AR-ir (i.e. no to weak nuclear staining) was observed in 26- to 53-yr-old castrated male-to-female transsexuals and in old castrated and noncastrated men, 67--87 yr of age. In analogy with animal studies showing strong activational effects of androgens on nuclear AR-ir, the present data suggest that nuclear AR-ir in the human MBC is dependent on the presence or absence of circulating levels of androgen. The group data were, moreover, supported by the fact that a male-like AR-ir (i.e. intense nuclear AR-ir) was found in a 36-yr-old bisexual noncastrated male-to-female transsexual and in a heterosexual virilized woman, 46 yr of age, with high levels of circulating testosterone. In conclusion, the sexually dimorphic AR-ir in the MBC seemed to be clearly related to circulating levels of androgens and not to sexual orientation or gender identity. The functional implications of these alterations are discussed in relation to reproduction, cognition, and neuroprotection.PMID: 11158052 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]	See that so important paper, about two androgen insensitivity syndromes, one more hard, that caused an intersex genital situation (PAIS) and the other, no genital signs of strong problems (the genitals were male, but small). That MAIS situation (mild insensitivity) may sometimes be the cause of micropenis and transsexual gender dysphorias. That is one example of micropenis....and we dont know nothing if there was also a GID. You may read the FREE FULL PAPER !!!!! Click on the button below!	Discordant measures of androgen-binding kinetics in two mutant androgen receptors causing mild or partial androgen insensitivity, respectively.Shkolny DL, Beitel LK, Ginsberg J, Pekeles G, Arbour L, Pinsky L, Trifiro MA.Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir M. B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.We have characterized two different mutations of the human androgen receptor (hAR) found in two unrelated subjects with androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS): in one, the external genitalia were ambiguous (partial, PAIS); in the other, they were male, but small (mild, MAIS). Single base substitutions have been found in both individuals: E772A in the PAIS subject, and R871G in the MAIS patient. In COS-1 cells transfected with the E772A and R871G hARs, the apparent equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd) for mibolerone (MB) and methyltrienolone are normal. Nonetheless, the mutant hAR from the PAIS subject (E772A) has elevated nonequilibrium dissociation rate constants (k(diss)) for both androgens. In contrast, the MAIS subject \'s hAR (R871G) has k(diss) values that are apparently normal for MB and methyltrienolone; in addition, the R871G hAR \'s ability to bind MB resists thermal stress better than the hAR from the PAIS subject. The E772A and R871G hARs, therefore, confer the same pattern of discordant androgen-binding parameters in transfected COS-1 cells as observed previously in the subjects \' genital skin fibroblasts. This proves their pathogenicity and correlates with the relative severity of the clinical phenotype. In COS-1 cells transfected with an androgen-responsive reporter gene, trans-activation was 50% of normal in cells containing either mutant hAR. However, mutant hAR-MB binding is unstable during prolonged incubation with MB, whereas normal hAR-MB binding increases. Thus, normal equilibrium dissociation constants alone, as determined by Scatchard analysis, may not be indicative of normal hAR function. An increased k(diss) despite a normal Kd for a given androgen suggests that it not only has increased egress from a mutant ligand-binding pocket, but also increased access to it. This hypothesis has certain implications in terms of the three-dimensional model of the ligand-binding domain of the nuclear receptor superfamily.PMID: 10022458 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]	NEW!!!See those wonderfull Abstracts,	about human hypothalamus sex and gender differentiation	1: Horm Behav. 2001 Sep;40(2):93-8. Related Articles,Links Structural and functional sex differences in the human hypothalamus.Swaab DF, Chung WC, Kruijver FP, Hofman MA, Ishunina TA.Graduate School Neurosciences Amsterdam, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Meibergdreef 33, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands. w.verweij@nih.knaw.nlSex differences in the brain may be the basis not only for sex differences in reproduction, gender identity (the feeling of being male or female), and sexual orientation (heterosexuality vs homosexuality), but also for the sex difference in prevalence of psychiatric and neurological diseases ( Swaab and Hofman, 1995 ). In this brief article we discuss a few examples of structural and functional sex differences in the human brain. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.Publication Types:ReviewReview, TutorialPMID: 11534968 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2002;511:75-100; discussion 100-5. Related Articles,Links Sexual differentiation of the human hypothalamus.Swaab DF, Chun WC, Kruijver FP, Hofman MA, Ishunina TA.Graduate School Neurosciences Amsterdam, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Functional sex differences in reproduction, gender and sexual orientation and in the incidence of neurological and psychiatric diseases are presumed to be based on structural and functional differences in the hypothalamus and other limbic structures. Factors influencing gender, i.e., the feeling to be male or female, are prenatal hormones and compounds that change the levels of these hormones, such as anticonvulsants, while the influence of postnatal social factors is controversial. Genetic factors and prenatal hormone levels are factors in the determination of sexual orientation, i.e. heterosexuality, bisexuality or homosexuality. There is no convincing evidence for postnatal social factors involved in the determination of sexual orientation. The period of overt sexual differentiation of the human hypothalamus occurs between approximately four years of age and adulthood, thus much later than is generally presumed, although the late sexual differentiation may of course be based upon processes that have already been programmed in mid-pregnancy or during the neonatal period. The recently reported differences in a number of structures in the human hypothalamus and adjacent structures depend strongly on age. Replication of these data is certainly necessary. Since the size of brain structures may be influenced by premortem factors (e.g. agonal state) and postmortem factors (e.g. fixation time), one should not only perform volume measurements, but also estimate a parameter that is not dependent on such factors as, i.e., total cell number of the brain structure in question. In addition, functional differences that depend on the levels of circulating hormones in adulthood have been observed in several hypothalamic and other brain structures. The mechanisms causing sexual differentiation of hypothalamic nuclei, the pre- and postnatal factors influencing this process, and the exact functional consequences of the morphological and functional hypothalamic differences await further elucidation.Publication Types:ReviewReview, AcademicPMID: 12575757 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]	New!!! See those important papers,	about how the early stress in our life (mainly mother \'s stress during gestation in	humans), may disturb our sexual behavior.	1: Kaiser S, Kruijver FP, Swaab DF, Sachser N.Related Articles,Links Early social stress in female guinea pigs induces a masculinization of adult behavior and corresponding changes in brain and neuroendocrine function.Behav Brain Res. 2003 Sep 15;144(1-2):199-210. PMID: 12946610 [PubMed - in process]2: Kaiser S, Kruijver FP, Straub RH, Sachser N, Swaab DF.Related Articles,Links Early social stress in male Guinea-pigs changes social behaviour, and autonomic and neuroendocrine functions.J Neuroendocrinol. 2003 Aug;15(8):761-9. PMID: 12834437 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]	See those wonderfull papers,	about the relation between our brain and our virtual self	29: Damasio AR.Related Articles,Links Investigating the biology of consciousness.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1998 Nov 29;353(1377):1879-82. PMID: 9854259 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]	Here some interesting papers about drag kings	54: Willox A.Related Articles,Links Whose drag is it anyway? Drag kings and monarchy in the UK.J Homosex. 2002;43(3-4):263-84. PMID: 12769284 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]55: Noble JB.Related Articles,Links Seeing double, thinking twice: the Toronto drag kings and (re-) articulations of masculinity.J Homosex. 2002;43(3-4):251-61. PMID: 12769283 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]56: Pauliny T.Related Articles,Links Erotic arguments and persuasive acts: discourses of desire and the rhetoric of female-to-male drag.J Homosex. 2002;43(3-4):221-48. PMID: 12769282 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]57: Rosenfeld K.Related Articles,Links Drag king magic: performing/becoming the other.J Homosex. 2002;43(3-4):201-19. PMID: 12769281 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]58: Surkan K.Related Articles,Links Drag kings in the new wave: gender performance and participation.J Homosex. 2002;43(3-4):161-85. PMID: 12769278 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]59: Koenig S.Related Articles,Links Walk like a man: enactments and embodiments of masculinity and the potential for multiple genders.J Homosex. 2002;43(3-4):145-59. PMID: 12769277 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]60: Ayoup C, Podmore J.Related Articles,Links Making Kings.J Homosex. 2002;43(3-4):51-74. PMID: 12769273 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]	Some important papers about GID diagnosis and treatment	36: a Campo J, Nijman H, Merckelbach H, Evers C.Related Articles,Links Psychiatric comorbidity of gender identity disorders: a survey among Dutch psychiatrists.Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Jul;160(7):1332-6. PMID: 12832250 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]37: Swaab DF, Chung WC, Kruijver FP, Hofman MA, Hestiantoro A.Related Articles,Links Sex differences in the hypothalamus in the different stages of human life.Neurobiol Aging. 2003 May-Jun;24 Suppl 1:S1-16; discussion S17-9. Review. PMID: 12829102 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]7: Tangpricha V, Ducharme SH, Barber TW, Chipkin SR.Related Articles,Links Endocrinologic treatment of gender identity disorders.Endocr Pract. 2003 Jan-Feb;9(1):12-21. Review. PMID: 12917087 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]2: Perera H, Gadambanathan T, Weerasiri S.Related Articles,Links Gender identity disorder presenting in a girl with Asperger \'s disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder.Ceylon Med J. 2003 Jun;48(2):57-8. No abstract available. PMID: 12971211 [PubMed - in process]	We are apes....or the apes are men??? the reality about ourselves!!!	3: Wildman DE, Uddin M, Liu G, Grossman LI, Goodman M.Related Articles,Links Implications of natural selection in shaping 99.4% nonsynonymous DNA identity between humans and chimpanzees: enlarging genus Homo.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Jun 10;100(12):7181-8. Epub 2003 May 23. PMID: 12766228 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]20: Wimmer R, Kirsch S, Rappold GA, Schempp W.Related Articles,Links Direct evidence for the Homo-Pan clade.Chromosome Res. 2002;10(1):55-61. Erratum in: Chromosome Res 2002;10(3):252. PMID: 11863072 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]","null","null","");arrFiles[11]=new Array("http://www.gendercare.com/library/tipslibrary8.html","Library Selection 8 - SF-1 and DAX-1 papers","Library Selection 8 - SF-1 and DAX-1 papers Library Selection 1 - Kruijver et al,2000 and others Abstracts and Free Full Papers Library Selection 2 - Aphallia & Sissyboys Library Selection 3 - Transsexual Hormone Therapy (HRT) Library Selection 4 - Hormones and the primate Brain... humans and non humans... USA studies. Library Selection 5 - FtM Transsexual, Aphallia & Micropenis Library Selection 6 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Transgenders and Crossdressers Library Selection 7 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Torres & Jurberg Hypothesis Library Selection 8 - SF-1 and DAX-1 papers	See here some scientific abstracts from Medline.	Access Medline Abstracts and Papers yourself directly.	See below some wonderful paper abstracts and sometimes FREE FULL PAPERS!.	Here a lot about SF-1 and DAX-1 sexual differentiation	1: Chen G, Shinka T, Kinoshita K, Yan HT, Iwamoto T, Nakahori Y.Related Articles,Links Roles of estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) in the regulation of the human Mullerian inhibitory substance (MIS) promoter.J Med Invest. 2003 Aug;50(3-4):192-8. PMID: 13678390 [PubMed - in process]2: Fujieda K, Okuhara K, Abe S, Tajima T, Mukai T, Nakae J.Related Articles,Links Molecular pathogenesis of lipoid adrenal hyperplasia and adrenal hypoplasia congenita.J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2003 Jun;85(2-5):483-9. PMID: 12943739 [PubMed - in process]3: Sato Y, Suzuki T, Hidaka K, Sato H, Ito K, Ito S, Sasano H.Related Articles,Links Immunolocalization of nuclear transcription factors, DAX-1 and COUP-TF II, in the normal human ovary: correlation with adrenal 4 binding protein/steroidogenic factor-1 immunolocalization during the menstrual cycle.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Jul;88(7):3415-20. PMID: 12843196 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]4: Sinisi AA, Pasquali D, Notaro A, Bellastella A.Related Articles,Links Sexual differentiation.J Endocrinol Invest. 2003;26(3 Suppl):23-8. PMID: 12834017 [PubMed - in process]5: Lalli E, Sassone-Corsi P.Related Articles,Links DAX-1, an unusual orphan receptor at the crossroads of steroidogenic function and sexual differentiation.Mol Endocrinol. 2003 Aug;17(8):1445-53. Epub 2003 May 29. PMID: 12775766 [PubMed - in process]6: Helszer Z, Lach J, Nowacka J, Constantinou M, Kaluzewski B.Related Articles,Links Inv(10) in a patient with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.J Appl Genet. 2003;44(2):225-9. PMID: 12773801 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]7: Agoulnik IU, Krause WC, Bingman WE 3rd, Rahman HT, Amrikachi M, Ayala GE, Weigel NL.Related Articles,Links Repressors of androgen and progesterone receptor action.J Biol Chem. 2003 Aug 15;278(33):31136-48. Epub 2003 May 27. PMID: 12771131 [PubMed - in process]8: Amsterdam A, Tajima K, Frajese V, Seger R.Related Articles,Links Analysis of signal transduction stimulated by gonadotropins in granulosa cells.Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2003 Apr 28;202(1-2):77-80. PMID: 12770734 [PubMed - in process]9: Tajima K, Dantes A, Yao Z, Sorokina K, Kotsuji F, Seger R, Amsterdam A.Related Articles,Links Down-regulation of steroidogenic response to gonadotropins in human and rat preovulatory granulosa cells involves mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and modulation of DAX-1 and steroidogenic factor-1.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 May;88(5):2288-99. PMID: 12727988 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]10: Fassnacht M, Hahner S, Hansen IA, Kreutzberger T, Zink M, Adermann K, Jakob F, Troppmair J, Allolio B.Related Articles,Links N-terminal proopiomelanocortin acts as a mitogen in adrenocortical tumor cells and decreases adrenal steroidogenesis.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 May;88(5):2171-9. PMID: 12727972 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]11: Lehmann SG, Wurtz JM, Renaud JP, Sassone-Corsi P, Lalli E.Related Articles,Links Structure-function analysis reveals the molecular determinants of the impaired biological function of DAX-1 mutants in AHC patients.Hum Mol Genet. 2003 May 1;12(9):1063-72. PMID: 12700175 [PubMed - in process]12: Yazawa T, Mizutani T, Yamada K, Kawata H, Sekiguchi T, Yoshino M, Kajitani T, Shou Z, Miyamoto K.Related Articles,Links Involvement of cyclic adenosine 5 \'-monophosphate response element-binding protein, steroidogenic factor 1, and Dax-1 in the regulation of gonadotropin-inducible ovarian transcription factor 1 gene expression by follicle-stimulating hormone in ovarian granulosa cells.Endocrinology. 2003 May;144(5):1920-30. PMID: 12697699 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]13: Brown P, Scobie GA, Townsend J, Bayne RA, Seckl JR, Saunders PT, Anderson RA.Related Articles,Links Identification of a novel missense mutation that is as damaging to DAX-1 repressor function as a nonsense mutation.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Mar;88(3):1341-9. PMID: 12629128 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]14: Kawajiri K, Ikuta T, Suzuki T, Kusaka M, Muramatsu M, Fujieda K, Tachibana M, Morohashi K.Related Articles,Links Role of the LXXLL-Motif and Activation Function 2 Domain in Subcellular Localization of Dax-1 (Dosage-Sensitive Sex Reversal-Adrenal Hypoplasia Congenita Critical Region on the X Chromosome, Gene 1).Mol Endocrinol. 2003 Jun;17(6):994-1004. Epub 2003 Feb 27. PMID: 12610109 [PubMed - in process]15: Shibata H, Kobayashi S, Kurihara I, Saito I, Saruta T.Related Articles,Links Nuclear receptors and co-regulators in adrenal tumors.Horm Res. 2003;59 Suppl 1:85-93. PMID: 12566726 [PubMed - in process]16: Mizusaki H, Kawabe K, Mukai T, Ariyoshi E, Kasahara M, Yoshioka H, Swain A, Morohashi K.Related Articles,Links Dax-1 (dosage-sensitive sex reversal-adrenal hypoplasia congenita critical region on the x chromosome, gene 1) gene transcription is regulated by wnt4 in the female developing gonad.Mol Endocrinol. 2003 Apr;17(4):507-19. Epub 2003 Jan 23. PMID: 12554773 [PubMed - in process]17: Chaidarun SS, Klibanski A.Related Articles,Links Gonadotropinomas.Semin Reprod Med. 2002 Nov;20(4):339-48. Review. PMID: 12536357 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]18: Silveira LF, MacColl GS, Bouloux PM.Related Articles,Links Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.Semin Reprod Med. 2002 Nov;20(4):327-38. Review. PMID: 12536356 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]19: Beuschlein F, Keegan CE, Bavers DL, Mutch C, Hutz JE, Shah S, Ulrich-Lai YM, Engeland WC, Jeffs B, Jameson JL, Hammer GD.Related Articles,Links SF-1, DAX-1, and acd: molecular determinants of adrenocortical growth and steroidogenesis.Endocr Res. 2002 Nov;28(4):597-607. Review. PMID: 12530669 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]20: Suzuki T, Kasahara M, Yoshioka H, Umesono K, Morohashi K.Related Articles,Links LXXLL motifs in Dax-1 have target specificity for the orphan nuclear receptors Ad4BP/SF-1 and LRH-1.Endocr Res. 2002 Nov;28(4):537. No abstract available. PMID: 12530660 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]21: Storr HL, Savage MO, Clark AJ.Related Articles,Links Advances in the understanding of the genetic basis of adrenal insufficiency.J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Dec;15 Suppl 5:1323-8. Review. PMID: 12510986 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]22: Suzuki T, Kasahara M, Yoshioka H, Morohashi K, Umesono K.Related Articles,Links LXXLL-related motifs in Dax-1 have target specificity for the orphan nuclear receptors Ad4BP/SF-1 and LRH-1.Mol Cell Biol. 2003 Jan;23(1):238-49. PMID: 12482977 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]23: Wei X, Sasaki M, Huang H, Dawson VL, Dawson TM.Related Articles,Links The orphan nuclear receptor, steroidogenic factor 1, regulates neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene expression in pituitary gonadotropes.Mol Endocrinol. 2002 Dec;16(12):2828-39. PMID: 12456803 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]24: Gurates B, Sebastian S, Yang S, Zhou J, Tamura M, Fang Z, Suzuki T, Sasano H, Bulun SE.Related Articles,Links WT1 and DAX-1 inhibit aromatase P450 expression in human endometrial and endometriotic stromal cells.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Sep;87(9):4369-77. PMID: 12213901 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]25: Salvi R, Gomez F, Fiaux M, Schorderet D, Jameson JL, Achermann JC, Gaillard RC, Pralong FP.Related Articles,Links Progressive onset of adrenal insufficiency and hypogonadism of pituitary origin caused by a complex genetic rearrangement within DAX-1.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Sep;87(9):4094-100. PMID: 12213854 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]26: Osman H, Murigande C, Nadakal A, Capponi AM.Related Articles,Links Repression of DAX-1 and induction of SF-1 expression. Two mechanisms contributing to the activation of aldosterone biosynthesis in adrenal glomerulosa cells.J Biol Chem. 2002 Oct 25;277(43):41259-67. Epub 2002 Aug 16. PMID: 12186872 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]27: Parker KL, Schimmer BP.Related Articles,Links Genes essential for early events in gonadal development.Ann Med. 2002;34(3):171-8. PMID: 12173687 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]28: Morerio C, Calvari V, Rosanda C, Porta S, Gambini C, Panarello C.Related Articles,Links XY female with a dysgerminoma and no mutation in the coding sequence of the SRY gene.Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2002 Jul 1;136(1):58-61. PMID: 12165453 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]29: Mukai T, Kusaka M, Kawabe K, Goto K, Nawata H, Fujieda K, Morohashi K.Related Articles,Links Sexually dimorphic expression of Dax-1 in the adrenal cortex.Genes Cells. 2002 Jul;7(7):717-29. PMID: 12081648 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]30: Lienhardt A, Mas JC, Kalifa G, Chaussain JL, Tauber M.Related Articles,Links IMAGe association: additional clinical features and evidence for recessive autosomal inheritance.Horm Res. 2002;57 Suppl 2:71-8. PMID: 12065932 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]31: Lehmann SG, Lalli E, Sassone-Corsi P.Related Articles,Links X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita is caused by abnormal nuclear localization of the DAX-1 protein.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jun 11;99(12):8225-30. Epub 2002 May 28. PMID: 12034880 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]32: Patel MV, McKay IA, Burrin JM.Related Articles,Links Transcriptional regulators of steroidogenesis, DAX-1 and SF-1, are expressed in human skin.J Invest Dermatol. 2001 Dec;117(6):1559-65. PMID: 11886523 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]33: Holter E, Kotaja N, Makela S, Strauss L, Kietz S, Janne OA, Gustafsson JA, Palvimo JJ, Treuter E.Related Articles,Links Inhibition of androgen receptor (AR) function by the reproductive orphan nuclear receptor DAX-1.Mol Endocrinol. 2002 Mar;16(3):515-28. PMID: 11875111 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]34: Koskimies P, Levallet J, Sipila P, Huhtaniemi I, Poutanen M.Related Articles,Links Murine relaxin-like factor promoter: functional characterization and regulation by transcription factors steroidogenic factor 1 and DAX-1.Endocrinology. 2002 Mar;143(3):909-19. PMID: 11861512 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]35: Kinoshita E.Related Articles,Links [DAX-1 abnormality]Nippon Rinsho. 2002 Feb;60(2):391-6. Review. Japanese. PMID: 11857932 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]36: Shibata H.Related Articles,Links [Nuclear receptors in the pathophysiology of endocrine tumors]Nippon Rinsho. 2002 Feb;60(2):237-44. Review. Japanese. PMID: 11857908 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]37: Babu PS, Bavers DL, Beuschlein F, Shah S, Jeffs B, Jameson JL, Hammer GD.Related Articles,Links Interaction between Dax-1 and steroidogenic factor-1 in vivo: increased adrenal responsiveness to ACTH in the absence of Dax-1.Endocrinology. 2002 Feb;143(2):665-73. PMID: 11796523 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]38: Mantovani G, Ozisik G, Achermann JC, Romoli R, Borretta G, Persani L, Spada A, Jameson JL, Beck-Peccoz P.Related Articles,Links Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism as a presenting feature of late-onset X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jan;87(1):44-8. PMID: 11788621 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]39: Sugita J, Takase M, Nakamura M.Related Articles,Links Expression of Dax-1 during gonadal development of the frog.Gene. 2001 Dec 12;280(1-2):67-74. PMID: 11738819 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]40: Achermann JC, Meeks JJ, Jameson JL.Related Articles,Links Phenotypic spectrum of mutations in DAX-1 and SF-1.Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2001 Dec 20;185(1-2):17-25. Review. PMID: 11738790 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]41: Lopez D, Shea-Eaton W, Sanchez MD, McLean MP.Related Articles,Links DAX-1 represses the high-density lipoprotein receptor through interaction with positive regulators sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1a and steroidogenic factor-1.Endocrinology. 2001 Dec;142(12):5097-106. PMID: 11713202 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]42: Shibata H, Ikeda Y, Mukai T, Morohashi K, Kurihara I, Ando T, Suzuki T, Kobayashi S, Murai M, Saito I, Saruta T.Related Articles,Links Expression profiles of COUP-TF, DAX-1, and SF-1 in the human adrenal gland and adrenocortical tumors: possible implications in steroidogenesis.Mol Genet Metab. 2001 Sep-Oct;74(1-2):206-16. PMID: 11592817 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]43: Jeffs B, Meeks JJ, Ito M, Martinson FA, Matzuk MM, Jameson JL, Russell LD.Related Articles,Links Blockage of the rete testis and efferent ductules by ectopic Sertoli and Leydig cells causes infertility in Dax1-deficient male mice.Endocrinology. 2001 Oct;142(10):4486-95. PMID: 11564714 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]44: Domenice S, Latronico AC, Brito VN, Arnhold IJ, Kok F, Mendonca BB.Related Articles,Links Adrenocorticotropin-dependent precocious puberty of testicular origin in a boy with X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita due to a novel mutation in the DAX1 gene.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Sep;86(9):4068-71. PMID: 11549627 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]45: Quinton R, Duke VM, Robertson A, Kirk JM, Matfin G, de Zoysa PA, Azcona C, MacColl GS, Jacobs HS, Conway GS, Besser M, Stanhope RG, Bouloux PM.Related Articles,Links Idiopathic gonadotrophin deficiency: genetic questions addressed through phenotypic characterization.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001 Aug;55(2):163-74. PMID: 11531922 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]46: Sugawara T, Abe S, Sakuragi N, Fujimoto Y, Nomura E, Fujieda K, Saito M, Fujimoto S.Related Articles,Links RIP 140 modulates transcription of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene through interactions with both SF-1 and DAX-1.Endocrinology. 2001 Aug;142(8):3570-7. PMID: 11459805 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]47: Achermann JC, Ito M, Silverman BL, Habiby RL, Pang S, Rosler A, Jameson JL.Related Articles,Links Missense mutations cluster within the carboxyl-terminal region of DAX-1 and impair transcriptional repression.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Jul;86(7):3171-5. PMID: 11443184 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]48: Wang ZJ, Jeffs B, Ito M, Achermann JC, Yu RN, Hales DB, Jameson JL.Related Articles,Links Aromatase (Cyp19) expression is up-regulated by targeted disruption of Dax1.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jul 3;98(14):7988-93. Epub 2001 Jun 26. PMID: 11427738 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]49: Aylwin SJ, Welch JP, Davey CL, Geddes JF, Wood DF, Besser GM, Grossman AB, Monson JP, Burrin JM.Related Articles,Links The relationship between steroidogenic factor 1 and DAX-1 expression and in vitro gonadotropin secretion in human pituitary adenomas.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Jun;86(6):2476-83. PMID: 11397843 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]50: Manna PR, Roy P, Clark BJ, Stocco DM, Huhtaniemi IT.Related Articles,Links Interaction of thyroid hormone and steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein in the regulation of murine Leydig cell steroidogenesis.J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2001 Jan-Mar;76(1-5):167-77. PMID: 11384875 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]51: Tabarin A.Related Articles,Links Congenital adrenal hypoplasia and DAX-1 gene mutations.Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2001 Apr;62(2):202-6. Review. PMID: 11353895 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]52: Ikeda Y, Takeda Y, Shikayama T, Mukai T, Hisano S, Morohashi KI.Related Articles,Links Comparative localization of Dax-1 and Ad4BP/SF-1 during development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis suggests their closely related and distinct functions.Dev Dyn. 2001 Apr;220(4):363-76. PMID: 11307169 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]53: Goodfellow PN, Camerino G.Related Articles,Links DAX-1, an \"antitestis \" gene.EXS. 2001;(91):57-69. Review. PMID: 11301600 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]54: Calvo RM, Asuncion M, Telleria D, Sancho J, San Millan JL, Escobar-Morreale HF.Related Articles,Links Screening for mutations in the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and steroidogenic factor-1 genes, and in CYP11A and dosage-sensitive sex reversal-adrenal hypoplasia gene on the X chromosome, gene-1 (DAX-1), in hyperandrogenic hirsute women.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Apr;86(4):1746-9. PMID: 11297612 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]55: Tamura M, Kanno Y, Chuma S, Saito T, Nakatsuji N.Related Articles,Links Pod-1/Capsulin shows a sex- and stage-dependent expression pattern in the mouse gonad development and represses expression of Ad4BP/SF-1.Mech Dev. 2001 Apr;102(1-2):135-44. PMID: 11287187 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]56: Peter M, Dubuis JM.Related Articles,Links Transcription factors as regulators of steroidogenic P-450 enzymes.Eur J Clin Invest. 2000 Dec;30 Suppl 3:14-20. Review. PMID: 11281362 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]57: Tremblay JJ, Viger RS.Related Articles,Links Nuclear receptor Dax-1 represses the transcriptional cooperation between GATA-4 and SF-1 in Sertoli cells.Biol Reprod. 2001 Apr;64(4):1191-9. PMID: 11259267 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]58: Beuschlein F, Fassnacht M, Klink A, Allolio B, Reincke M.Related Articles,Links ACTH-receptor expression, regulation and role in adrenocortial tumor formation.Eur J Endocrinol. 2001 Mar;144(3):199-206. Review. PMID: 11248736 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]59: Babu PS, Bavers DL, Shah S, Hammer GD.Related Articles,Links Role of phosphorylation, gene dosage and Dax-1 in SF-1 mediated steroidogenesis.Endocr Res. 2000 Nov;26(4):985-94. PMID: 11196480 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]60: Shibata H, Ikeda Y, Morohashi K, Mukai T, Kurihara I, Ando T, Suzuki T, Kobayashi S, Hayashi K, Hayashi M, Saito I, Saruta T.Related Articles,Links Orphan receptors COUP-TF and DAX-1 as targets in disordered CYP17 expression in adrenocortical tumors.Endocr Res. 2000 Nov;26(4):1039-44. PMID: 11196414 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]","null","null","");arrFiles[12]=new Array("http://www.gendercare.com/library/tipslibrary3.html","Library Selection 3 - Transsexual Hormone Therapy (HRT)","Library Selection 3 - Transsexual Hormone Therapy (HRT) Library Selection 1 - Kruijver et al,2000 and others Abstracts and Free Full Papers Library Selection 2 - Aphallia & Sissyboys Library Selection 3 - Transsexual Hormone Therapy (HRT) Library Selection 4 - Hormones and the primate Brain... humans and non humans... USA studies. Library Selection 5 - FtM Transsexual, Aphallia & Micropenis Library Selection 6 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Transgenders and Crossdressers Library Selection 7 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Torres & Jurberg Hypothesis Library Selection 8 - SF-1 and DAX-1 papers	See here some scientific abstracts from Medline.	Access Medline Abstracts and Papers yourself directly.	See below some wonderful paper abstracts and sometimes FREE FULL PAPERS!.	See almost all there is in Pubmed about Transsexual Hormone Therapy... see how the medical community insist calling MtF gender dysphoric WOMEN as \"male transsexuals \", and FtM gender dysphoric MEN as \"female transsexuals \". That is a disrespect with their patients, and all GID. Sorry people, that is our ignorant and authoritary society...A SOCIETY THAT DON \'T KNOW HOW TO RESPECT OTHER PEOPLE.	Items 1-50 of 71of2Next1: Moore E, Wisniewski A, Dobs A.Related Articles,Links Endocrine treatment of transsexual people: a review of treatment regimens, outcomes, and adverse effects.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Aug;88(8):3467-73. Review. PMID: 12915619 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]2: Ohnishi H, Kondo Y, Sakuma Y.Related Articles,Links Oestrogen-induced vigorous mounting in female rats carrying hypothalamic knife cuts.J Neuroendocrinol. 2003 Jun;15(6):602-6. PMID: 12716411 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]3: Elbers JM, Giltay EJ, Teerlink T, Scheffer PG, Asscheman H, Seidell JC, Gooren LJ.Related Articles,Links Effects of sex steroids on components of the insulin resistance syndrome in transsexual subjects.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003 May;58(5):562-71. PMID: 12699437 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]4: Van den Broecke R, Liu J, Van der Elst J, Dhont M.Related Articles,Links Timing of FSH-stimulation and follicular development in cryopreserved human ovarian grafts.Reprod Biomed Online. 2002 Jan-Feb;4(1):21-6. PMID: 12470348 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]5: Campo JM, Nijman H, Evers C, Merckelbach HL, Decker I.Related Articles,Links [Gender identity disorders as a symptom of psychosis, schizophrenia in particular]Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2001 Sep 29;145(39):1876-80. Dutch. PMID: 11605311 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]6: Pavon de Paz I, Monereo Megias S, Alameda Hernando C.Related Articles,Links [Treatment of sex reassignment in transsexual patients]Med Clin (Barc). 2000 Dec 9;115(20):783-8. Review. Spanish. No abstract available. PMID: 11171453 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]7: Van Den Broecke R, Van Der Elst J, Liu J, Hovatta O, Dhont M.Related Articles,Links The female-to-male transsexual patient: a source of human ovarian cortical tissue for experimental use.Hum Reprod. 2001 Jan;16(1):145-147. PMID: 11139553 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]8: Giltay EJ, Gooren LJ, Emeis JJ, Kooistra T, Stehouwer CD.Related Articles,Links Oral, but not transdermal, administration of estrogens lowers tissue-type plasminogen activator levels in humans without affecting endothelial synthesis.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000 May;20(5):1396-403. PMID: 10807760 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]9: Cohen-Kettenis PT, Dillen CM, Gooren LJ.Related Articles,Links [Treatment of young transsexuals in the Netherlands]Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2000 Apr 8;144(15):698-702. Review. Dutch. PMID: 10778717 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]10: Hage JJ, Dekker JJ, Karim RB, Verheijen RH, Bloemena E.Related Articles,Links Ovarian cancer in female-to-male transsexuals: report of two cases.Gynecol Oncol. 2000 Mar;76(3):413-5. PMID: 10684720 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]11: Becerra Fernandez A, de Luis Roman DA, Piedrola Maroto G.Related Articles,Links [Morbidity in transsexual patients with cross-gender hormone self-treatment]Med Clin (Barc). 1999 Oct 23;113(13):484-7. Spanish. PMID: 10604171 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]12: New G, Duffy SJ, Harper RW, Meredith IT.Related Articles,Links Estrogen improves acetylcholine-induced but not metabolic vasodilation in biological males.Am J Physiol. 1999 Dec;277(6 Pt 2):H2341-7. PMID: 10600854 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]13: Goh VH.Related Articles,Links Breast tissues in transsexual women--a nonprostatic source of androgen up-regulated production of prostate-specific antigen.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Sep;84(9):3313-5. PMID: 10487704 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]14: Schlatterer K, Bronisch T, Stalla GK.Related Articles,Links [Transsexuality--a multidisciplinary problem. Which therapeutic methods proved to be successful?]MMW Fortschr Med. 1999 Jun 10;141(23):32-6. German. PMID: 10468480 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]15: Hierl T, Borcsok I, Ziegler R, Kasperk C.Related Articles,Links [Osteo-anabolic estrogen therapy in a transsexual man]Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1999 Apr 30;124(17):519-22. Review. German. PMID: 10341761 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]16: Cohen-Kettenis PT, van Goozen SH.Related Articles,Links Pubertal delay as an aid in diagnosis and treatment of a transsexual adolescent.Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998 Dec;7(4):246-8. PMID: 9879847 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]17: Schlatterer K, Yassouridis A, von Werder K, Poland D, Kemper J, Stalla GK.Related Articles,Links A follow-up study for estimating the effectiveness of a cross-gender hormone substitution therapy on transsexual patients.Arch Sex Behav. 1998 Oct;27(5):475-92. Review. PMID: 9795728 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]18: Schlatterer K, Auer DP, Yassouridis A, von Werder K, Stalla GK.Related Articles,Links Transsexualism and osteoporosis.Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 1998;106(4):365-8. PMID: 9792472 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]19: McFadden D, Pasanen EG, Callaway NL.Related Articles,Links Changes in otoacoustic emissions in a transsexual male during treatment with estrogen.J Acoust Soc Am. 1998 Sep;104(3 Pt 1):1555-8. PMID: 9745738 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]20: Futterweit W.Related Articles,Links Endocrine therapy of transsexualism and potential complications of long-term treatment.Arch Sex Behav. 1998 Apr;27(2):209-26. Review. PMID: 9562902 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]21: Docter RF, Prince V.Related Articles,Links Transvestism: a survey of 1032 cross-dressers.Arch Sex Behav. 1997 Dec;26(6):589-605. PMID: 9415796 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]22: van Kesteren PJ, Asscheman H, Megens JA, Gooren LJ.Related Articles,Links Mortality and morbidity in transsexual subjects treated with cross-sex hormones.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997 Sep;47(3):337-42. PMID: 9373456 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]23: Cohen-Kettenis PT, van Goozen SH.Related Articles,Links Sex reassignment of adolescent transsexuals: a follow-up study.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997 Feb;36(2):263-71. PMID: 9031580 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]24: Buvat J, Lemaire A, Ratajczyk J.Related Articles,Links [Role of hormones in sexual dysfunctions, homosexuality, transsexualism and deviant sexual behavior: diagnostic and therapeutic consequences]Contracept Fertil Sex. 1996 Nov;24(11):834-46. Review. French. PMID: 8991588 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]25: Schlatterer K, von Werder K, Stalla GK.Related Articles,Links Multistep treatment concept of transsexual patients.Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 1996;104(6):413-9. Review. PMID: 9021341 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]26: Gunasegaram R, Loganath A, Peh KL, Ratnam SS.Related Articles,Links Aromatization of [4-14C]testosterone to [14C]estradiol-17 beta by testicular tissue from male-to-female transsexuals on estrogen therapy.Arch Androl. 1995 Sep-Oct;35(2):127-33. PMID: 8579473 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]27: Sigusch V.Related Articles,Links [Transsexual wish and and cis-sexual defense]Psyche (Stuttg). 1995 Sep-Oct;49(9-10):811-37. Review. German. PMID: 7480808 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]28: Burgess HE, Shousha S.Related Articles,Links An immunohistochemical study of the long-term effects of androgen administration on female-to-male transsexual breast: a comparison with normal female breast and male breast showing gynaecomastia.J Pathol. 1993 May;170(1):37-43. PMID: 8326458 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]29: Polderman KH, Stehouwer CD, van Kamp GJ, Dekker GA, Verheugt FW, Gooren LJ.Related Articles,Links Influence of sex hormones on plasma endothelin levels.Ann Intern Med. 1993 Mar 15;118(6):429-32. PMID: 8439117 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]30: Lubbert H, Leo-Rossberg I, Hammerstein J.Related Articles,Links Effects of ethinyl estradiol on semen quality and various hormonal parameters in a eugonadal male.Fertil Steril. 1992 Sep;58(3):603-8. PMID: 1387850 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]31: Pache TD, Hop WC, de Jong FH, Leerentveld RA, van Geldorp H, Van de Kamp TM, Gooren LJ, Fauser BC.Related Articles,Links 17 beta-Oestradiol, androstenedione and inhibin levels in fluid from individual follicles of normal and polycystic ovaries, and in ovaries from androgen treated female to male transsexuals.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1992 Jun;36(6):565-71. PMID: 1424181 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]32: Valenta LJ, Elias AN, Domurat ES.Related Articles,Links Hormone pattern in pharmacologically feminized male transsexuals in the California State prison system.J Natl Med Assoc. 1992 Mar;84(3):241-50. PMID: 1578499 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]33: Goh HH, Ratnam SS.Related Articles,Links Effect of estrogens on prolactin secretion in transsexual subjects.Arch Sex Behav. 1990 Oct;19(5):507-16. PMID: 2260915 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]34: Goh HH, Ratnam SS.Related Articles,Links Effects of estrogens, clomiphene and castration in a male transsexual with as compared to those without hypersecretion of gonadotropins.Gynecol Endocrinol. 1990 Jun;4(2):127-41. PMID: 2118708 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]35: Godano A, Massara D, Grassi G, Genovese MG, Cavallotti GP, Bocchini R.Related Articles,Links [Male transsexualism and hormonal therapy: radiologic pictures of the breast]Arch Ital Urol Nefrol Androl. 1990 Mar;62(1):107-11. Italian. PMID: 2141702 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]36: Asscheman H, Gooren LJ, Eklund PL.Related Articles,Links Mortality and morbidity in transsexual patients with cross-gender hormone treatment.Metabolism. 1989 Sep;38(9):869-73. PMID: 2528051 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]37: Damewood MD, Bellantoni JJ, Bachorik PS, Kimball AW Jr, Rock JA.Related Articles,Links Exogenous estrogen effect on lipid/lipoprotein cholesterol in transsexual males.J Endocrinol Invest. 1989 Jul-Aug;12(7):449-54. PMID: 2794371 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]38: Prior JC, Vigna YM, Watson D.Related Articles,Links Spironolactone with physiological female steroids for presurgical therapy of male-to-female transsexualism.Arch Sex Behav. 1989 Feb;18(1):49-57. PMID: 2540730 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]39: Spinder T, Spijkstra JJ, Gooren LJ, Burger CW.Related Articles,Links Pulsatile luteinizing hormone release and ovarian steroid levels in female-to-male transsexuals compared to heterosexual women.Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1989;14(1-2):97-102. PMID: 2499904 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]40: Gilbert DA, Winslow BH, Gilbert DM, Jordan GH, Horton CE.Related Articles,Links Transsexual surgery in the genetic female.Clin Plast Surg. 1988 Jul;15(3):471-87. Review. PMID: 3292116 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]41: Pritchard TJ, Pankowsky DA, Crowe JP, Abdul-Karim FW.Related Articles,Links Breast cancer in a male-to-female transsexual. A case report.JAMA. 1988 Apr 15;259(15):2278-80. PMID: 2832627 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]42: Gooren LJ, Assies J, Asscheman H, de Slegte R, van Kessel H.Related Articles,Links Estrogen-induced prolactinoma in a man.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988 Feb;66(2):444-6. PMID: 3339116 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]43: Schulze C.Related Articles,Links Response of the human testis to long-term estrogen treatment: morphology of Sertoli cells, Leydig cells and spermatogonial stem cells.Cell Tissue Res. 1988 Jan;251(1):31-43. PMID: 3342442 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]44: Cohen MS, Sanchez RL.Related Articles,Links Hemorrhagic urethritis in female-to-male transsexual. Possible androgen-related phenomena.Urology. 1987 Dec;30(6):583-5. PMID: 3686778 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]45: Ratnam SS, Ilancheran A.Related Articles,Links Sex reassignment surgery in the male transsexual.Br J Hosp Med. 1987 Sep;38(3):204-8, 212-3. PMID: 3676546 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]46: Heresova J, Pobisova Z, Hampl R, Starka L.Related Articles,Links Androgen administration to transsexual women. II. Hormonal changes.Exp Clin Endocrinol. 1986 Dec;88(2):219-23. PMID: 3556412 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]47: Gooren L.Related Articles,Links The neuroendocrine response of luteinizing hormone to estrogen administration in the human is not sex specific but dependent on the hormonal environment.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986 Sep;63(3):589-93. PMID: 3734031 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]48: van Bergeijk L, Gooren LJ, van Kessel H, Sassen AM.Related Articles,Links Effects of naloxone infusion on plasma levels of LH, FSH, and in addition TSH and prolactin in males, before and after oestrogen or anti-oestrogen treatment.Horm Metab Res. 1986 Sep;18(9):611-5. PMID: 3096859 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]49: van Bergeijk L, Gooren LJ, van Kessel H, Sassen AM.Related Articles,Links Effects of continuous LHRH infusion on plasma levels of LH and FSH in males, before and after oestrogen or anti-oestrogen treatment.Horm Metab Res. 1986 Aug;18(8):558-64. PMID: 3093351 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]50: Miller N, Bedard YC, Cooter NB, Shaul DL.Related Articles,Links Histological changes in the genital tract in transsexual women following androgen therapy.Histopathology. 1986 Jul;10(7):661-9. PMID: 2427430 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]","null","null","");arrFiles[13]=new Array("http://www.gendercare.com/library/tipslibrary4.html","Library Selection 4 - Hormones and the brain...USA studies","Library Selection 4 - Hormones and the Brain...some USA studies Library Selection 1 - Kruijver et al,2000 and others Abstracts and Free Full Papers Library Selection 2 - Aphallia & Sissyboys Library Selection 3 - Transsexual Hormone Therapy (HRT) Library Selection 4 - Hormones and the primate Brain... humans and non humans... USA studies. Library Selection 5 - FtM Transsexual, Aphallia & Micropenis Library Selection 6 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Transgenders and Crossdressers Library Selection 7 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Torres & Jurberg Hypothesis Library Selection 8 - SF-1 and DAX-1 papers	See here some scientific abstracts from Medline.	Access Medline Abstracts and Papers yourself directly.	See below some wonderful paper abstracts and sometimes FREE FULL PAPERS!.	See the so important papers from Roger Gorski and his team from UCLA, USA. He	is very clear about the sex differention of the human brain... and about the	primary femininity of all human (mammal) tissues...	1: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2002;511:57-70; discussion 70-3. Related Articles,Links Hypothalamic imprinting by gonadal steroid hormones.Gorski RA.Department of Neurobiology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.The results of more than four decades of research on different mammalian species have established that the brain, like the rest of the reproductive system, is esentially basically female. For the male to develop structural and functional characteristics typical of his species, his brain must be exposed to testicular hormones during a critical period, or critical periods, of development. As mammals, human beings are most likely subject to this process of the hormone-dependent sexual differentiation of the brain, but proving it will be difficult. Common sense ethics preclude experimental procedures such as castration of neonatal infants or exposing the female fetus to testosterone perinatally. Thus, scientists are restricted to the retrospective study of \"Experiments of Nature. \" The results of such studies support to a degree a meaningful role of hormones in the development of the human brain. The concept of the sexual differentiation of brain structure and function has a potentially profound influence on clinical decisions with respect to sex assignment and clinical management of infants with ambiguous or poorly developed external genitalia. Because of the importance of a baby \'s sex in our culture, parents of such infants must be given consideration, but so should the infant whose hormonal environment prenatally may well have produced permanent changes in the structure and functional potential of his/her brain.Publication Types:ReviewReview, TutorialPMID: 12575756 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 1;89(15):7199-202. Related Articles,Links Sexual orientation and the size of the anterior commissure in the human brain.Allen LS, Gorski RA.Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024.The anterior commissure, a fiber tract that is larger in its midsagittal area in women than in men, was examined in 90 postmortem brains from homosexual men, heterosexual men, and heterosexual women. The midsagittal plane of the anterior commissure in homosexual men was 18% larger than in heterosexual women and 34% larger than in heterosexual men. This anatomical difference, which correlates with gender and sexual orientation, may, in part, underlie differences in cognitive function and cerebral lateralization among homosexual men, heterosexual men, and heterosexual women. Moreover, this finding of a difference in a structure not known to be related to reproductive functions supports the hypothesis that factors operating early in development differentiate sexually dimorphic structures and functions of the brain, including the anterior commissure and sexual orientation, in a global fashion.PMID: 1496013 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Brain Res. 1992 May 8;579(2):321-6. Related Articles,Links Sex differences in subregions of the medial nucleus of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the rat.Hines M, Allen LS, Gorski RA.Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine 90024.Sex differences are described in subregions of two nuclei of the rat brain: the medical nucleus of the amygdala (MA) and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). The volume of the posterodorsal region of the medial nucleus of the amygdala (MApd) is approximately 85% greater and the volume of the encapsulated region of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTenc) is approximately 97% greater in males than in females. The MApd and BNSTenc are distinct subregions of the MA and BNST. They exhibit intense uptake of gonadal hormones and are anatomically connected to each other and to other sexually dimorphic nuclei. The MA and BNST in general are involved in regulation of several sexually dimorphic functions, including aggression, sexual behavior, gonadotropin secretion and integration of olfactory information. Precise localization of sex differences in subregions of the MA and BNST, such as the MApd and BNSTenc, may facilitate understanding of the neural basis of such functions.PMID: 1352729 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: J Comp Neurol. 1991 Oct 1;312(1):97-104. Related Articles,Links Sexual dimorphism of the anterior commissure and massa intermedia of the human brain.Allen LS, Gorski RA.Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024.Neuroanatomical sex differences were observed in the midsagittal area of both the anterior commissure and the massa intermedia on analysis of postmortem tissue from 100 age-matched male and female individuals. The anterior commissure, a fiber tract whose axons in primates primarily connect the two temporal lobes, was an average of 12%, or 1.17 mm2 larger in females than in males. The massa intermedia, a structure that crosses the third ventricle between the two thalami, was present in 78% of the females and 68% of the males. Among subjects with a massa intermedia, the structure was an average of 53.3% or 17.5 mm2 larger in females than in males. Inclusive of subjects with and without a massa intermedia, this structure was a mean of 76% or 16.93 mm2 greater in females than in males. These sex differences were present despite the fact that the brains of males were larger than those of females. Since a majority of subjects were adults, it is unknown when sexual differentiation occurred. Anatomical sex differences in structures that connect the two cerebral hemispheres may, in part, underlie functional sex differences in cognitive function and cerebral lateralization.PMID: 1744245 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: J Neurosci. 1991 Apr;11(4):933-42. Related Articles,Links Sex differences in the corpus callosum of the living human being.Allen LS, Richey MF, Chai YM, Gorski RA.Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024.The sexual dimorphism of the corpus callosum has remained controversial since the original report by de Lacoste-Utamsing and Holloway in 1982, for several reasons: (1) measurements have been performed in a variety of ways in different laboratories, in part because published reports frequently do not describe the methodology in detail; (2) despite known age-related changes during both childhood and adulthood, no investigators have explicitly age-matched subjects; and (3) the size and shape of corpora callosa vary considerably among individuals, requiring large sample sizes to demonstrate significant sex differences. Therefore, we have examined magnetic resonance images for 24 age-matched children and 122 age-matched adults for possible sex differences in the corpus callosum. While we observed a dramatic sex difference in the shape of the corpus callosum, there was no conclusive evidence of sexual dimorphism in the area of the corpus callosum or its subdivisions. Utilizing several criteria, there were significant sex differences in shape: subjective evaluation indicated that the posterior region of the corpus callosum, the splenium, was more bulbous shaped in females as a group and in women, and more tubular-shaped in males as a group and in men; mathematical evaluation confirmed this observation in that the maximum width of the splenium was significantly greater in women than in men, and that the percentage by which the average width of the splenium was greater than that of the adjacent corpus callosum was significantly greater in females than in males. However, sex differences in bulbosity did not reach significance in children (aged 2-16 yr). In contrast, among the area measurements of the corpus callosum and 22 subdivisions, only 1 exhibited a significant sex difference, which would be expected by chance. The area of the corpora callosa increased significantly with age in children and decreased significantly with age in adults. In adults, the midsagittal surface area of the cerebral cortex decreased significantly with age in women but not in men. These anatomical sex differences could, in part, underlie gender-related differences in behavior and neuropsychological function.PMID: 2010816 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: J Comp Neurol. 1990 Dec 22;302(4):697-706. Related Articles,Links Sex difference in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the human brain.Allen LS, Gorski RA.Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UCLA School of Medicine 90024.A quantitative analysis of the volume of the darkly staining region of the posteromedial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis was performed on the brains of 26 age-matched male and female human subjects. We suggest the term \"darkly staining posteromedial \" component of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST-dspm) to describe this sexually dimorphic region of the human brain. The volume of the BNST-dspm was 2.47 times greater in males than in females. This region in humans appears to correspond to an area of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in laboratory animals that exhibits volumetric and neurochemical sexual dimorphisms, concentrates gonadal steroids, and is anatomically connected to several other sexually dimorphic nuclei. Furthermore, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is involved in sexually dimorphic functions, including aggressive behavior, sexual behavior, and gonadotropin secretion, which are also influenced by gonadal steroids. Therefore, it is possible that in human beings as well, gonadal hormones influence the sexual dimorphism in the BNST-dspm and that this morphological difference, in part, underlies sexually dimorphic function.PMID: 1707064 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: J Neurosci. 1989 Feb;9(2):497-506. Related Articles,Links Two sexually dimorphic cell groups in the human brain.Allen LS, Hines M, Shryne JE, Gorski RA.Department of Anatomy, University of California, Los Angeles 90024.A quantitative analysis of the volume of 4 cell groups in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area (PO-AHA) and of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the human brain was performed in 22 age-matched male and female individuals. We suggest the term Interstitial Nuclei of the Anterior Hypothalamus (INAH 1-4) to identify these 4 previously undescribed cell groups in the PO-AHA. While 2 INAH and the SON were not sexually dimorphic, gender-related differences were found in the other 2 cell groups. One nucleus (INAH-3) was 2.8 times larger in the male brain than in the female brain irrespective of age. The other cell group (INAH-2) was twice as large in the male brain, but also appeared to be related in women to circulating steroid hormone levels. Since the PO-AHA influences gonadotropin secretion, maternal behavior, and sexual behavior in several mammalian species, these results suggest that functional sex differences in the hypothalamus may be related to sex differences in neural structure.PMID: 2918374 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Here we suggest you the studies in non human primates, developped in Portland by Resko & Roselli and others. We cannot study a lot of things in humans, but up until now we may study in non human primates.	1: Cell Mol Neurobiol. 1997 Dec;17(6):627-48. Related Articles,Links Prenatal hormones organize sex differences of the neuroendocrine reproductive system: observations on guinea pigs and nonhuman primates.Resko JA, Roselli CE.Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97202-3098, USA.1. The central nervous systems (CNS) of males and females differ in the control mechanisms for the release of gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary gland as well as the capacity to display sex specific behaviors. 2. In guinea pigs and monkeys, these differences are organized through the actions of prenatal androgens secreted by the fetal testes. In both males and females androgen receptors have been identified within the brain during the period in development in which organization of the CNS occurs. Sex differences between the ratio of cytosolic and nuclear androgen receptors are due to the amount of endogenous androgen present in the circulation of the developing fetus. Thus, at least part of the biochemical machinery necessary for androgen action resides in the CNS during the period of sexual differentiation. 3. In addition to the physiological differences that have been observed, morphological differences that are androgen dependent have been found in the medial preoptic nucleus and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the guinea pig. The location of these sex differences in brain morphology coincides roughly with the location of steroid binding neurons. 4. In some species the in situ conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the 5 alpha-reductases or to estradiol-17 beta by cytochrome P450 aromatase mediates testosterone \'s action. The gonadotropin surge mechanism of adult guinea pigs exposed to a 5a-reductase inhibitor in utero during the critical period for sexual differentiation was unaffected in either males or females even though the development of the external organs of reproduction of males was feminized by the treatment. Likewise, the gonadotropin surge mechanism of subjects exposed to an aromatase inhibitor in utero during the critical period for sexual differentiation was unaffected by this treatment. 5. The mechanism controlling negative feedback, however, was affected in both males and females. Subjects that were exposed to an aromatase inhibitor while developing in utero could not respond to the negative feedback actions of estrogen on gonadotropin release in adulthood. 6. The surge mechanism for the control of gonadotropin secretion in nonhuman primates is not sexually differentiated as it is in rodents. Castrated male monkeys release surge amounts of LH in response to an estrogen challenge. Both infant and adult dimorphic behaviors of rhesus monkeys are organized by the prenatal actions of androgen.Publication Types:ReviewReview, TutorialPMID: 9442350 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Endocrine. 1998 Feb;8(1):51-60. Related Articles,Links Immunocytochemical localization of androgen receptors in brains of developing and adult male rhesus monkeys.Choate JV, Slayden OD, Resko JA.Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201-3098, USA.We localized immunoreactive androgen receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) of fetal and adult male rhesus macaques by immunocytochemisty using an affinity-purified polyclonal antibody to the first 21 amino acids of the human androgen receptor (AR). This antibody caused a shift in the mobility of AR-bound 3H-DHT on a sucrose gradient and recognized a protein of approx 116 kDa on Western blot. Other criteria for specificity are presented. We localized AR in the diencephalon of male rhesus monkey fetuses. Immunoreactive neurons were found in the medial hypothalamic area and the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus on days 47, 61, and 124 of gestation. At 124 d of gestation, AR immunoreactivity was aslo found in the arcuate nucleus. AR immunostaining was not found in other diencephalic structures in fetal life, including the preoptic area. In the adult monkey, neurons in ventromedial, dorsomedial, and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus; cortical, medial, and accessory basal nuclei of the amygdala; and regions of the hippocampus and the anterior pituitary gland contained immunoreactive AR. These data indicate that AR is found in specific areas of the CNS early in fetal development, but they also appear in other brain areas as the fetus grows. At 124 d of gestation (term, 167 d), the hypothalamic location of immunoreactive AR is similar to the adult.PMID: 9666345 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Biol Reprod. 2000 Jun;62(6):1818-22. Related Articles,Links Region-specific regulation of cytochrome P450 aromatase messenger ribonucleic acid by androgen in brains of male rhesus monkeys.Resko JA, Pereyra-Martinez AC, Stadelman HL, Roselli CE.Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97201-3098, USA. reskoj@ohsu.eduWe demonstrated previously that testosterone regulates aromatase activity in the anterior/dorsolateral hypothalamus of male rhesus macaques. To determine the level of the androgen effect, we developed a ribonuclease protection assay to study the effects of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on aromatase (P450(AROM)) mRNA in selected brain areas. Adult male rhesus monkeys were treated with testosterone or DHT. Steroids in serum were quantified by RIA. Fourteen brain regions were analyzed for P450(AROM) mRNA. Significant elevations of its message over controls (P<0.05) were found in the medial preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus of both androgen treatment groups and the medial basal hypothalamus of the testosterone-treated males. Other brain areas were not affected by androgen treatment. We conclude that testosterone and DHT regulate P450(AROM) mRNA in brain regions that mediate reproductive behaviors and gonadotropin release. The P450(AROM) mRNA of other brain areas is not androgen dependent. Brain-derived estrogens may also be important for maintaining neural circuitry in brain areas not related to reproduction. The control of P450(AROM) mRNA in these areas may differ from what we report here, but it is equally important to understand the function of in situ estrogen formation in these areas.PMID: 10819787 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Biol Reprod. 2000 Sep;63(3):872-8. Related Articles,Links Cellular observations and hormonal correlates of feedback control of luteinizing hormone secretion by testosterone in long-term castrated male rhesus monkeys.Resko JA, Pereyra-Martinez AC, Stadelman HL, Roselli CE.Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97201-3098, USA. reskoj@ohsu.eduTestosterone at physiological levels cannot exert negative feedback action on LH secretion in long-term castrated male monkeys. The cellular basis of this refractoriness is unknown. To study it, we compared two groups of male rhesus macaques: one group (group 1, n = 4) was castrated and immediately treated with testosterone for 30 days; the second group (group 2, n = 4) was castrated and treated with testosterone for 9 days beginning 21 days after castration. Feedback control of LH by testosterone in group 1 was normal, whereas insensitivity to its action was found in group 2. Using the endpoints of concentrations of aromatase activity (P450(AROM) messenger RNA [mRNA]) and androgen receptor mRNA in the medial preoptic anterior hypothalamus and in the medial basal hypothalamus, we found that aromatase activity in both of these tissues was significantly lower, P: < 0.01, in group 2 compared with group 1 males. P450(AROM) mRNA and androgen receptor mRNA did not differ, however. Our data suggest that the cellular basis of testosterone insensitivity after long-term castration may reside in the reduced capacity of specific brain areas to aromatize testosterone. Because P450(AROM) mRNA did not change in group 2 males, we hypothesize that an estrogen-dependent neural deficit, not involving the regulation of the P450(AROM) mRNA, occurs in long-term castrated monkeys.PMID: 10952934 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2001 Dec;79(1-5):247-53. Related Articles,Links Cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19) in the non-human primate brain: distribution, regulation, and functional significance.Roselli CE, Resko JA.Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97201-3098, USA. rosellic@ohsu.eduIn adult male primates, estrogens play a role in both gonadotropin feedback and sexual behavior. Inhibition of aromatization in intact male monkeys acutely elevates serum levels of luteinizing hormone, an effect mediated, at least partially, within the brain. High levels of aromatase (CYP19) are present in the monkey brain and regulated by androgens in regions thought to be involved in the central regulation of reproduction. Androgens regulate aromatase pretranslationally and androgen receptor activation is correlated with the induction of aromatase activity. Aromatase and androgen receptor mRNAs display both unique and overlapping distributions within the hypothalamus and limbic system suggesting that androgens and androgen-derived estrogens regulate complimentary and interacting genes within many neural networks. Long-term castrated monkeys, like men, exhibit an estrogen-dependent neural deficit that could be an underlying cause of the insensitivity to testosterone that develops in states of chronic androgen deficiency. Future studies of in situ estrogen formation in brain in the primate model are important for understanding the importance of aromatase not only for reproduction, but also for neural functions such as memory and cognition that appear to be modulated by estrogens.PMID: 11850231 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] See those important papers,from Donald Pfaff New York team, about ERKO rats (transgenic rats from who the ER alfa, or beta, or both, were knoked out). From them we may understand better the influence and importance of testosterone aromatization in the brain (hypothalamus and amygdalas mainly).	1: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Dec 19;97(26):14737-41. Related Articles,Links Comment in:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Dec 19;97(26):14038-40.Abolition of male sexual behaviors in mice lacking estrogen receptors alpha and beta (alpha beta ERKO).Ogawa S, Chester AE, Hewitt SC, Walker VR, Gustafsson JA, Smithies O, Korach KS, Pfaff DW.Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA. ogawa@rockvax.rockefeller.eduMale mice with a knockout of the estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha gene, a ligand-activated transcription factor, showed reduced levels of intromissions and no ejaculations whereas simple mounting behavior was not affected. In contrast, all components of sexual behaviors were intact in male mice lacking the novel ER-beta gene. Here we measure the extent of phenotype in mice that lack both ER-alpha and ER-beta genes (alphabetaERKO). alphabetaERKO male mice did not show any components of sexual behaviors, including simple mounting behavior. Nor did they show ultrasonic vocalizations during behavioral tests with receptive female mice. On the other hand, reduced aggressive behaviors of alphabetaERKO mice mimicked those of single knockout mice of ER-alpha gene (alphaERKO). They showed reduced levels of lunge and bite aggression, but rarely showed offensive attacks. Thus, either one of the ERs is sufficient for the expression of simple mounting in male mice, indicating a redundancy in function. Offensive attacks, on the other hand, depend specifically on the ER-alpha gene. Different patterns of natural behaviors require different patterns of functions by ER genes.PMID: 11114183 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Oct 26;96(22):12887-92. Related Articles,Links Survival of reproductive behaviors in estrogen receptor beta gene-deficient (betaERKO) male and female mice.Ogawa S, Chan J, Chester AE, Gustafsson JA, Korach KS, Pfaff DW.Laboratory of Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA. ogawa@rockvax.rockefeller.eduPreviously, it was shown that the lack of a functional estrogen receptor (ER) alpha gene (ERalpha) greatly affects reproduction-related behaviors in both female and male mice. However, widespread expression of a novel second ER gene, ERbeta, demanded that we examine the possible participation of ERbeta in regulation of these behaviors. In dramatic contrast to our results with ERalpha knockout (alphaERKO) males, betaERKO males performed at least as well as wild-type controls in sexual behavior tests. Moreover, not only did betaERKO males exhibit normal male-typical aggressive behavior, including offensive attacks, but they also showed higher levels of aggression than wild-type mice under certain conditions of social experience. These data revealed a significant interaction between genotype and social experience with respect to aggressive behavior. Finally, females lacking a functional beta isoform of the ER gene showed normal lordosis and courtship behaviors, extending in some cases beyond the day of behavioral estrus. These results highlight the importance of ERalpha for the normal expression of natural reproductive behaviors in both sexes and also provide a background for future studies evaluating ERbeta gene contributions to other, nonreproductive behaviors.PMID: 10536018 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Endocrinology. 1998 Dec;139(12):5070-81. Related Articles,Links Roles of estrogen receptor-alpha gene expression in reproduction-related behaviors in female mice.Ogawa S, Eng V, Taylor J, Lubahn DB, Korach KS, Pfaff DW.Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA. ogawa@rockvax.rockefeller.eduThe role of gene expression of the estrogen receptor-alpha form (ER alpha) in the regulation of female reproductive behavior was investigated in estrogen receptor knockout (ERKO) mice, deficient specifically for the ER alpha, but not the ER beta, gene. Estrogen- or estrogen- plus progesterone-treated gonadectomized ERKO mice did not show any lordosis response. Detailed behavioral analysis revealed that ERKO females were also deficient in sexual behavioral interactions preceding the lordosis response. They were extremely rejective toward attempted mounts by stud male mice, which could not show any intromissions. During resident-intruder aggression tests, gonadally intact ERKO females were more aggressive toward female intruder mice than wild-type (WT) mice. Gonadectomy did not influence the levels of aggressive behavior, and their genotype differences when mice were tested both before and after gonadectomy. However, when mice were tested after gonadectomy for the first time, very few ERKO mice showed aggression. In contrast to aggression, male-type sexual behavior shown by resident mice toward female intruder mice during aggression tests was not different between ERKO and WT mice and was completely abolished after gonadectomy of the resident mice. Finally, it was also found that ERKO females showed greatly reduced levels of parental behavior toward newborn pups placed in their home cage. These changes in parental behavior were not influenced by gonadectomy. ERKO females retrieved significantly fewer numbers of pups with longer latencies compared with wild-type (WT) or heterozygous (HZ) littermates when they were tested as gonadally intact or 20-65 days after gonadectomy. In addition, during parental behavior tests, a significantly higher percentage of ERKO mice exhibited infanticide compared with WT and HZ mice, which rarely showed infanticide. Taken together, these findings suggest that ER alpha gene expression plays a key role in female mice, not only for sexual behavior but also for other interrelated behaviors, such as parental and aggressive behaviors. In addition, persistence of genotype differences in parental and aggressive behavior after gonadectomy indicates that ER alpha activation during neural developmental processes may also be involved in the regulation of these behaviors.PMID: 9832446 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Endocrinology. 1998 Dec;139(12):5058-69. Related Articles,Links Modifications of testosterone-dependent behaviors by estrogen receptor-alpha gene disruption in male mice.Ogawa S, Washburn TF, Taylor J, Lubahn DB, Korach KS, Pfaff DW.Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA. ogawa@rockvax.rockefeller.eduThe role of the a form of estrogen receptor (ER alpha) gene expression in the regulation of testosterone-dependent male reproductive behaviors was investigated using ER knockout mice (ERKO), which are specifically deficient in functional ER alpha, but not ER beta, gene expression. Previous studies in gonadally intact ERKO mice revealed that male aggressive behavior was greatly reduced by the lack of a functional ER alpha gene. In the present study the almost complete suppression of male-typical offensive attacks was further confirmed in ERKO mice that had been singly housed since weaning. Regarding aggression, it was also found that ER alpha gene disruption virtually abolished the propensity to initiate offensive attacks, even though ERKO mice could elicit attacks from resident C57BL/6J mice as wild-type (WT) and heterozygous littermates. Daily injection of testosterone propionate (TP) was completely ineffective in inducing aggressive behavior in gonadectomized ERKO mice, whereas it successfully restored aggression in WT mice. In contrast, male sexual behaviors, mounts and intromissions, were induced by daily injection of TP in both gonadectomized ERKO and WT mice. In addition to TP, dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP) was also effective in restoring mounts in ERKO mice, although DHTP was much more potent in WT mice than in ERKO mice. Neither TP nor DHTP, however, ever induced ejaculation in ERKO mice. These results together with previous findings in gonadally intact ERKO mice suggest that ER alpha may be responsible for the regulation by testosterone of consummatory, but not motivational, aspects of male sexual behavior. Finally, ERKO male mice retrieved newborn pups placed in their home cage with similar latencies to males of the two other genotypes. During parental behavior tests, however, a higher percentage of ERKO mice (70%) showed infanticide compared with WT mice (35%). The latter result was interpreted as showing that ER alpha activation by testosterone during the perinatal period may exert a suppressive effect on testosterone-inducible infanticide in adulthood. With respect to three major testosterone-dependent behavioral systems reflecting masculinization, these findings demonstrate three different types of effects due to ER alpha gene disruption.PMID: 9832445 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]	See here the important paper,	where Sarah Newman, from Cornell University, proposes the existence of a SBN -	a social behavior network in the brains of mammals (includding humans).	1: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999 Jun 29;877:242-57. Related Articles,Links The medial extended amygdala in male reproductive behavior. A node in the mammalian social behavior network.Newman SW.Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. swn3@cornell.eduHormonal and chemosensory signals regulate social behaviors in a wide variety of mammals. In the male Syrian hamster, these signals are integrated in nuclei of the medial extended amygdala, where olfactory and vomeronasal system transmission is modulated by populations of androgen- and estrogen-sensitive neurons. Evidence from behavioral changes following lesions and from immediate early gene expression supports the hypothesis that the medial extended amygdala and medial preoptic area belong to a circuit that functions selectively in male sexual behavior. However, accumulated behavioral, neuroanatomical, and neuroendocrine data in hamsters, other rodents, and other mammals indicate that this circuit is embedded in a larger integrated network that controls not only male mating behavior, but female sexual behavior, parental behavior, and various forms of aggression. In this context, perhaps an individual animal \'s social responses can be more easily understood as a repertoire of closely interrelated, hormone-regulated behaviors, shaped by development and experience and modulated acutely by the environmental signals and the hormonal milieu of the brain.Publication Types:ReviewReview, AcademicPMID: 10415653 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]","null","null","");arrFiles[14]=new Array("http://www.gendercare.com/library/tipslibrary6.html","Library Selection 6 - AR activation Testosterone-DHT selectivity; Transgenders & Crossdressers","Library Selection 6 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity;Transgenders & Crossdressers Library Selection 1 - Kruijver et al,2000 and others Abstracts and Free Full Papers Library Selection 2 - Aphallia & Sissyboys Library Selection 3 - Transsexual Hormone Therapy (HRT) Library Selection 4 - Hormones and the primate Brain... humans and non humans... USA studies. Library Selection 5 - FtM Transsexual, Aphallia & Micropenis Library Selection 6 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Transgenders and Crossdressers Library Selection 7 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Torres & Jurberg Hypothesis Library Selection 8 - SF-1 and DAX-1 papers	See here some scientific abstracts from Medline.	Access Medline Abstracts and Papers yourself directly.	See below some wonderful paper abstracts and sometimes FREE FULL PAPERS!.	See here some, in my opinion, the most important studies and	results about AR hormone binding and activation, showing the testosterone-DHT	different action over AR. That result is very important, because DHT is the	important factor to masculinize genitals, and testosterone, to masculinize	brains. If they may have a different action, they may give different and divergent	results in genital and brain tissues. Also here a paper showing the variation of	the hormone action in different tissues AR.	1: Mol Cell Biochem. 2000 Mar;206(1-2):169-75. Related Articles,Links Differential regulation of testosterone vs. 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone by selective androgen response elements.Hsiao PW, Thin TH, Lin DL, Chang C.Department of Pathology, University of Rochester, New York, USA.There are two major physiological androgens, testosterone (T), and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which induce different responses in mammals. These androgens regulate the target gene transcription via binding to and activating the same androgen receptor (AR). The molecular mechanisms that differ between these two very close androgens through the same AR protein to target the distinct genomic responses remain unknown. Using yeast genetic selection, we identified two kinds of androgen response elements (ARE), which could respond differentially to T vs. DHT. These two AREs also show different T- vs. DHT-induced AR transactivation in mammalian Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in terms of copy number and comparisons with the classic mouse mammary tumor virus ARE. Together, our results suggest that the selective ARE sequence may play an important role in the differential T- vs. DHT-induced AR transactivation.PMID: 10839207 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2003 Aug;60(8):1613-22. Related Articles,Links Recent advances in androgen receptor action.Lee HJ, Chang C.Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, 974, Hualien, Taiwan.Androgens, principally testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, play critical roles in the development and growth of the male reproductive and nonreproductive systems. Their biological actions are mediated by the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor, belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily. These androgen-AR complexes interact with various factors (e.g. coactivators or corepressors) to modulate transcription of androgen target genes via specific DNA sequences. Many lines of evidence have also correlated AR with several mammalian disorders. Finally, recent advances in molecular biology have significantly impacted our knowledge of the role of AR in mammals. The aim of this review is to present recent emerging aspects of AR action.PMID: 14504652 [PubMed - in process]1: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Jun;88(6):2784-93. Related Articles,Links Evidence for tissue selectivity of the synthetic androgen 7 alpha-methyl-19-nortestosterone in hypogonadal men.Anderson RA, Wallace AM, Sattar N, Kumar N, Sundaram K.Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4SB. r.a.anderson@hrsu.mrc.ac.ukThe potent synthetic androgen 7 alpha-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENT) is resistant to 5 alpha-reductase but is a substrate for aromatase. It may therefore offer selective sparing of the prostate gland while supporting other androgen-dependent tissues. MENT acetate implants were administered for 24 wk to 16 hypogonadal men, randomly allocated to 1 or 2 implants (groups I and II, respectively; releasing approximately 400 microg/d x implant). Hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit were maintained during MENT treatment. Prostate volume fell in group I and to a small, but statistically nonsignificant, degree in group II; the level of prostate-specific antigen fell significantly in both. Lumbar spine bone mineral density decreased in both groups. Sexual behavior and erectile function declined in group I, but were maintained in group II. Thus, overall, one MENT implant appeared to provide subphysiological androgen replacement. The 2-implant dose of MENT was able to maintain most androgen-dependent functions, except bone mass, and there was evidence to support selective sparing of the prostate gland. These results demonstrate for the first time in humans the selectivity of MENT in tissues dependent on 5 alpha-reductase. In addition, our data are consistent with the importance of adequate estrogenicity as part of the necessary spectrum of activity of an androgen for replacement therapy in men.Publication Types:Clinical TrialRandomized Controlled TrialPMID: 12788888 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]	See some Transgender papers. Unfortunately, most part of them are related	only to sex and HIV-AIDS. It is obvious, medicine is not, up until now alerted,	by the fact that transgendered people have a lot of health care specific	necessities.	1: Berreth ME.Related Articles,Links Nursing care of transgendered older adults. Implications from the literature.J Gerontol Nurs. 2003 Jul;29(7):44-9. Review. PMID: 12874939 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]2: Jackson PA.Related Articles,Links Thai research on male homosexuality and transgenderism and the cultural limits of Foucaultian analysis.J Hist Sex. 1997 Jul;8(1):52-85. No abstract available. PMID: 11619530 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]3: Sebastian C.Related Articles,Links Transgenderism and the AIDS epidemic.Posit Aware. 1999 May-Jun;10(3):57. PMID: 11366771 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]4: Docter RF, Fleming JS.Related Articles,Links Measures of transgender behavior.Arch Sex Behav. 2001 Jun;30(3):255-71. PMID: 11330116 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]5: Lombardi EL, van Servellen G.Related Articles,Links Building culturally sensitive substance use prevention and treatment programs for transgendered populations.J Subst Abuse Treat. 2000 Oct;19(3):291-6. Review. PMID: 11027900 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]6: Lombardi EL, van Servellen G.Related Articles,Links Correcting deficiencies in HIV/AIDS care for transgendered individuals.J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2000 Sep-Oct;11(5):61-9. Review. PMID: 11022332 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]7: Surgenor LJ, Fear JL.Related Articles,Links Eating disorder in a transgendered patient: a case report.Int J Eat Disord. 1998 Dec;24(4):449-52. PMID: 9813772 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]	See some Crossdressing papers. Unfortunately, most part of them are related only	to sex fantasies, as if the crossdressing was only a fantasy and not a real	problem for the victim.	1: Mengay DH.Related Articles,Links The sodomitical muse: Fanny Hill and the rhetoric of crossdressing.J Homosex. 1992;23(1-2):185-98. PMID: 1431072 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]2: Steiner BW.Related Articles,Links From Sappho to Stand: historical perspective on crossdressing and cross gender.Can J Psychiatry. 1981 Nov;26(7):502-6. No abstract available. PMID: 7028241 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]	See some more papers about AR activation, and also some papers with transsexual resources	1: Tan HM.Related Articles,Links Penile prosthesis implantation in a transsexual neophallus.Asian J Androl. 2000 Dec;2(4):304-6. PMID: 11202422 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]2: Safak T, Yuksel E, Ozcan G, Gursu G.Related Articles,Links Utilization of the breast for penile reconstruction in a transsexual.Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995 Nov;96(6):1483-5. No abstract available. PMID: 7480262 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]3: Burgess HE, Shousha S.Related Articles,Links An immunohistochemical study of the long-term effects of androgen administration on female-to-male transsexual breast: a comparison with normal female breast and male breast showing gynaecomastia.J Pathol. 1993 May;170(1):37-43. PMID: 8326458 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]4: Vesely J, Barinka L, Santi P, Berrino P, Muggianu M.Related Articles,Links Reconstruction of the penis in transsexual patients.Acta Chir Plast. 1992;34(1):44-54. PMID: 1375425 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]5: Godano A, Sapino A, Pietribiasi F, Bussolati G.Related Articles,Links [Effects of long-term administration of androgens on the breast in transsexual women]Arch Ital Urol Nefrol Androl. 1990 Mar;62(1):121-3. Italian. PMID: 2141705 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]6: Pritchard TJ, Pankowsky DA, Crowe JP, Abdul-Karim FW.Related Articles,Links Breast cancer in a male-to-female transsexual. A case report.JAMA. 1988 Apr 15;259(15):2278-80. PMID: 2832627 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]7: Lim SM.Related Articles,Links Surgery in transsexuals.Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1986 Jan;15(1):122-6. PMID: 3707030 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]61: Parks LG, Lambright CS, Orlando EF, Guillette LJ Jr, Ankley GT, Gray LE Jr.Related Articles,Links Masculinization of female mosquitofish in Kraft mill effluent-contaminated Fenholloway River water is associated with androgen receptor agonist activity.Toxicol Sci. 2001 Aug;62(2):257-67. PMID: 11452138 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]62: Flugge G, Kramer M, Fuchs E.Related Articles,Links Chronic subordination stress in male tree shrews: replacement of testosterone affects behavior and central alpha(2)-adrenoceptors.Physiol Behav. 2001 Jun;73(3):293-300. PMID: 11438354 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]63: Turner KJ, Morley M, MacPherson S, Millar MR, Wilson JA, Sharpe RM, Saunders PT.Related Articles,Links Modulation of gene expression by androgen and oestrogens in the testis and prostate of the adult rat following androgen withdrawal.Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2001 Jun 10;178(1-2):73-87. PMID: 11403897 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]64: Westberg L, Baghaei F, Rosmond R, Hellstrand M, Landen M, Jansson M, Holm G, Bjorntorp P, Eriksson E.Related Articles,Links Polymorphisms of the androgen receptor gene and the estrogen receptor beta gene are associated with androgen levels in women.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Jun;86(6):2562-8. PMID: 11397855 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]65: Sultan C, Paris F, Terouanne B, Balaguer P, Georget V, Poujol N, Jeandel C, Lumbroso S, Nicolas JC.Related Articles,Links Disorders linked to insufficient androgen action in male children.Hum Reprod Update. 2001 May-Jun;7(3):314-22. Review. PMID: 11392378 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]66: Shiba K, Hamaguchi T, Kataoka K, Yamaguchi Y, Handa H, Adachi K.Related Articles,Links Cloning of the hamster androgen receptor gene.J Dermatol Sci. 2001 Jul;26(3):163-8. PMID: 11390200 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]67: Avila DM, Zoppi S, McPhaul MJ.Related Articles,Links The androgen receptor (AR) in syndromes of androgen insensitivity and in prostate cancer.J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2001 Jan-Mar;76(1-5):135-42. Review. PMID: 11384871 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]68: Suzuki K, Fukabori Y, Nakazato H, Hasumi M, Matsui H, Ito K, Kurokawa K, Yamanaka H.Related Articles,Links Novel amino acid substitutional mutation, tyrosine-739-aspartic acid, in the androgen receptor gene in complete androgen insensitivity syndrome.Int J Androl. 2001 Jun;24(3):183-8. PMID: 11380707 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]69: Thompson J, Saatcioglu F, Janne OA, Palvimo JJ.Related Articles,Links Disrupted amino- and carboxyl-terminal interactions of the androgen receptor are linked to androgen insensitivity.Mol Endocrinol. 2001 Jun;15(6):923-35. PMID: 11376111 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]70: Weihua Z, Makela S, Andersson LC, Salmi S, Saji S, Webster JI, Jensen EV, Nilsson S, Warner M, Gustafsson JA.Related Articles,Links A role for estrogen receptor beta in the regulation of growth of the ventral prostate.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 May 22;98(11):6330-5. PMID: 11371645 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]71: Zmuda JM, Cauley JA, Kuller LH, Ferrell RE.Related Articles,Links A common promotor variant in the cytochrome P450c17alpha (CYP17) gene is associated with bioavailability testosterone levels and bone size in men.J Bone Miner Res. 2001 May;16(5):911-7. PMID: 11341336 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]72: Raivio T, Palvimo JJ, Dunkel L, Wickman S, Janne OA.Related Articles,Links Novel assay for determination of androgen bioactivity in human serum.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Apr;86(4):1539-44. PMID: 11297580 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]73: Zhu DW, Cantin L, Nahoum V, Rehse P, Luu-The V, Labrie F, Breton R, Lin SX.Related Articles,Links Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the human type 3 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase at 1.8 A resolution.Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2001 Apr;57(Pt 4):589-91. PMID: 11264591 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]74: Boehmer AL, Brinkmann AO, Nijman RM, Verleun-Mooijman MC, de Ruiter P, Niermeijer MF, Drop SL.Related Articles,Links Phenotypic variation in a family with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome explained by differences in 5alpha dihydrotestosterone availability.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Mar;86(3):1240-6. PMID: 11238515 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]75: Copelli SB, Lumbroso S, Audran F, Pellizzari EH, Heinrich JJ, Cigorraga SB, Sultan C, Chemes HE.Related Articles,Links A novel E153X point mutation in the androgen receptor gene in a patient with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome.Asian J Androl. 1999 Jun;1(1-2):73-7. PMID: 11225909 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]76: Ohsako S, Miyabara Y, Nishimura N, Kurosawa S, Sakaue M, Ishimura R, Sato M, Takeda K, Aoki Y, Sone H, Tohyama C, Yonemoto J.Related Articles,Links Maternal exposure to a low dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) suppressed the development of reproductive organs of male rats: dose-dependent increase of mRNA levels of 5alpha-reductase type 2 in contrast to decrease of androgen receptor in the pubertal ventral prostate.Toxicol Sci. 2001 Mar;60(1):132-43. PMID: 11222880 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]77: Xia SJ, Hao GY, Tang XD.Related Articles,Links Androgen receptor isoforms in human and rat prostate.Asian J Androl. 2000 Dec;2(4):307-10. PMID: 11202423 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]78: Gryngarten M, Bedecarras P, Ayuso S, Bergada C, Campo S, Escobar ME.Related Articles,Links Clinical assessment and serum hormonal profile in prepubertal hypertrichosis.Horm Res. 2000;54(1):20-5. PMID: 11182631 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]79: Bamman MM, Shipp JR, Jiang J, Gower BA, Hunter GR, Goodman A, McLafferty CL Jr, Urban RJ.Related Articles,Links Mechanical load increases muscle IGF-I and androgen receptor mRNA concentrations in humans.Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Mar;280(3):E383-90. PMID: 11171591 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]80: Ogata T, Matsuo M, Muroya K, Koyama Y, Fukutani K.Related Articles,Links 47,XXX male: A clinical and molecular study.Am J Med Genet. 2001 Feb 1;98(4):353-6. Review. PMID: 11170081 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]","null","null","");arrFiles[15]=new Array("http://www.gendercare.com/library/tipslibrary7.html","Library Selection 7 - AR activation Testosterone-DHT selectivity; Gestation Stress and Torres & Jurberg Hypothesis","Library Selection 7 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity;Torres & Jurberg Hypothesis Library Selection 1 - Kruijver et al,2000 and others Abstracts and Free Full Papers Library Selection 2 - Aphallia & Sissyboys Library Selection 3 - Transsexual Hormone Therapy (HRT) Library Selection 4 - Hormones and the primate Brain... humans and non humans... USA studies. Library Selection 5 - FtM Transsexual, Aphallia & Micropenis Library Selection 6 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Transgenders and Crossdressers Library Selection 7 - AR testosterone-DHT selectivity; Torres & Jurberg Hypothesis Library Selection 8 - SF-1 and DAX-1 papers	See here some scientific abstracts from Medline.	Access Medline Abstracts and Papers yourself directly.	See below some wonderful paper abstracts and sometimes FREE FULL PAPERS!.	Sobre a diferenciação dos genitais humanos, sabemos que os mesmos tem originalmente uma estruturação feminina, e são masculinizados apenas pela ação eficiente da DHT. A testosterona é importante como matéria prima para a síntese do DHT, mas não participa diretamente desse processo. Os tecidos genitais externos são masculinizados pela ação direta de DHT no receptor de androgênios AR.	1: J Cell Physiol. 1975 Apr;85(2 Pt 2 Suppl 1):365-77. Related Articles,Links Genetic and hormonal control of male sexual differentiation.Goldstein JL, Wilson JD.Phenotypic sexual differentiation during embryogenesis is a complex process involving the action of at least 18 genes. These genes regulate gonadal differentiation, gonadal hormone formation, and in the male the cellular action of three necessary hormones, namely mullerian regression factor, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone. Analysis of two of the mutations affecting sexual development is consistent with the thesis that the two androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone have separate and specific roles in virilization of the male urogenital tract, testosterone stimulating wolffian duct development and dihydrotestosterone mediating development of the urogenital sinus and external genitalia. In the disorder familial incomplete male pseudohermphroditism, type 2, deficient dihydrotestosterone formation is associated with a selective failure of virilization of the urogenital sinus and external genitalia, whereas the wolffian duct derivatives develop normally. On the other hand, in the testicular feminization syndrome there is a complete failure in the development of the male phenotype, indicating that the primary defect involves an abnormality in some biochemical step that is common to the action of both androgens. Evidence from studies in the submandibular gland of the mouse with testicular feminization suggest that the fundamental defect lies in the translocation and/or nuclear binding of the cytoplasmic androgen receptor. It remains to be proven whether these events in the postnatal, sexually dimorphic submandibular gland of the testicular feminization mouse reflect prenatal events occurring in the urogenital tissues during embryogenesis.PMID: 164477 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: J Biol Chem. 1975 May 10;250(9):3498-504. Related Articles,Links Dihydrotestosterone formation in cultured human fibroblasts. Comparison of cells from normal subjects and patients with familial incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism, Type 2.Wilson JD.The conversion of [1,2-3H]testosterone to [3H]dihydrotestosterone has been assessed in fibroblast monolayers grown from skin biopsies of foreskin, scrotum, and various nongential skins from 31 control men who varied in age from newborn to 25 years and three 46,XY subjects with hereditary male pseudohermaphroditism. Under the standardized conditions utilized in this study, the rate of dihydrotestosterone formation was greater in fibroblasts grown from genital skin (foreskin and scrotum) passages exhibit the same differentiation in dihydrotestosterone formation as the skin from which the fibroblasts were grown. Furthermore, 5alpha-reductase, the enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, exhibits apparent similar substrate specificity in control foreskin fibroblasts and in the foreskin itself. Fibroblasts grown from the foreskin of two patients with familial incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism, type 2, an autosomal recessive disorder of phenotypic sexual differentiation, showed a marked deficiency in the capacity to form dihydrotestosterone. In contrast, fibroblasts grown from the scrotum of one 46,XY male with familial incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism, type 1, an apparent X-linked disorder of phenotypic sexual differentiation, formed dihydrotestosterone at a normal rate.PMID: 1123350 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]	Por outro lado, este primeiro artigo de Resko et al, mostra	que no cérebro, principalmente nas porções basais que são gênero diferenciadas e	importantes para a formação da identidade de gênero, a ação é da testosterona,	pela ação direta no AR e através de uma aromatização em estradiol.Sendo assim, é muito importante a investigação detalhada da ação de T e DHT, e seus mecanismos, principalmente nos casos de PAIS e MAIS. Selective activation of androgen receptors in the subcortical brain of male cynomolgus macaques by physiological hormone levels and its relationship to androgen-dependent aromatase activity.	ReskoJA,	ConnollyPB,	RoselliCE,	AbdelgadirSE,	ChoateJVJ Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993Jun	76:1588-93	AbstractAromatase activity (AA) is androgen dependent	and independent in subcortical regions of the nonhuman primate brain, but the	correlation of androgen receptor (AR) content with AA has not been demonstrated.	Thus, we castrated 10 adult male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) and	divided them into 2 groups. One group (n = 6) received empty Silastic capsules,	whereas the second group (n = 4) received Silastic capsules filled with	testosterone (T). Animals were killed after 3 weeks. Microsomal AA and	cytosolic and nuclear AR were determined in specific brain regions	dissected from frozen sections. Sera from T-treated subjects contained	T, dihydrotestosterone, and LH levels that were not significantly different	from the precastration amounts (P < 0.05). Cytosolic AR concentrations	declined after T treatment in 12 of 20 brain areas studied (P < 0.05).	Nuclear AR levels, on the other hand, were significantly elevated after T	treatment (activated) only in the ventral medial nucleus (VMN) and infundibular	nucleus/median eminence (P < 0.05). AA distribution was significantly	different (P < 0.05) among 20 brain nuclei and subregions. The highest	activities were found in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the medial	preoptic area, the medial and cortical amygdala, and the VMN. Lesser activities were found in other brain regions. Physiological concentrations of T increased AA only in the VMN and infundibular nucleus-median eminence (P < 0.05). These data suggest that physiological levels of androgens are effective in regulating AA only in those brain areas in which AR are activated.	A mencionada Torres & Jurberg Hypothesis, mencionada por MItaliano no debate de Wal Torres com Tom Mazur sobre identidade de gênero e intersexo, diz respeito a essa possibilidade.Se o cérebro dos primatas, humanos inclusive, é masculinizado pela testeoterona, com e sem aromatização....e os genitais só pela ação direta de DHT.... casos de MAIS com hormonio seletividade entre a ação de ativação da transcrição de AR por T e por DHT não poderia explicar como pode haver a discordância de gênero entre o sistema neural e o sistema genital? Essa é a Torres & Jurberg Hypothesis, ou seja, a possibilidade de cérebro (e consequentemente identidade) e genitais caminharem de forma discordante e contraditória, o que explicaria, se não todos, pelo menos alguns casos de transexualismo.Para essa hipótese poder ser válida, tem que ser comprovada a hormonio seletividade na ação de T e DHT em casos de MAIS.Os próximos artigos mostram justamente isso....a hormonio seletividade num caso de PAIS... uma mais aumentada. Se pode existir para PAIS, deve poder existir para MAIS. E será que não poderia explicar a transexualidade, em alguns casos?Certamente que sim.Portanto, a nosso ver, a Torres & Jurberg Hypothesis ainda é apenas uma possibilidade, mas que dia a dia se mostra mais viável, com base nos resultados que vêm a público, em biologia molecular de esteróides.	1: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 May;88(5):2185-93. Related Articles,Links The use of androgen receptor amino/carboxyl-terminal interaction assays to investigate androgen receptor gene mutations in subjects with varying degrees of androgen insensitivity.Ghali SA, Gottlieb B, Lumbroso R, Beitel LK, Elhaji Y, Wu J, Pinsky L, Trifiro MA.Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, and Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.Five mutations in the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the human androgen receptor (hAR) found in patients with varying degrees of androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) were investigated for their effects on receptor dynamics. These were Arg(871)Gly (mild), Ser(814)Asn (partial), Glu(772)Ala (partial), Val(866)Met (complete), and Arg(774)Cys (complete). Previous analysis showed that the mutant receptors exhibited near-normal kinetics, except Arg(774)Cys, which had severely reduced androgen binding, and Val(866)Met, which showed increased equilibrium dissociation constant (K(d)) and elevated dissociation rate (k) values. Ser(814)Asn exhibited ligand-selective k values, i.e. increased for dihydrotestosterone and mibolerone, but normal for methyltrenolene. Using mammalian two-hybrid assays, hAR amino/carboxyl (N/C)-terminal interactions of the mutant receptors were analyzed in the presence and absence of the hAR coactivator transcription intermediary factor 2 (TIF2). The mutations conferred decreased hAR N/C-terminal interaction, i.e. mild (approximately 1.5-fold), partial (2-fold), and complete (10-fold), that mirrored the degree of AIS. All mutant LBDs showed a 2- to 3-fold increase in N/C-terminal interactions when TIF2 was cotransfected, although of a magnitude still less than that of wild-type LBD with TIF2. The ligand-selective properties of the Ser(814)Asn mutant were also clearly reflected by the N/C-terminal interactions. Thus, measurement of N/C-terminal interactions may assist in the molecular analysis of mutant hARs associated with AIS.PMID: 12727974 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Discordant measures of androgen-binding kinetics in two mutant androgen receptors causing mild or partial androgen insensitivity, respectively.	ShkolnyDL,	BeitelLK,	GinsbergJ,	PekelesG,	ArbourL,	PinskyL,	TrifiroMA	J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999Feb 84:805-10	AbstractWe have characterized	two different mutations of the human androgen receptor (hAR) found	in two unrelated subjects with androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS):	in one, the external genitalia were ambiguous (partial, PAIS); in the other, they were male, but small (mild, MAIS). Single base substitutions have been found in both individuals: E772A in the PAIS subject, and R871G in the MAIS patient. In COS-1 cells transfected with the E772A and R871G hARs, the apparent equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd) for mibolerone (MB) and methyltrienolone are normal. Nonetheless, the mutant hAR from the PAIS subject (E772A) has elevated nonequilibrium dissociation rate constants (k(diss)) for both androgens. In contrast, the MAIS subject \'s hAR (R871G) has k(diss) values that are apparently normal for MB and methyltrienolone; in addition, the R871G hAR \'s ability to bind MB resists thermal stress better than the hAR from the PAIS subject. The E772A and R871G hARs, therefore, confer the same pattern of discordant androgen-binding parameters in transfected COS-1 cells as observed previously in the subjects \' genital skin fibroblasts. This proves their pathogenicity and correlates with the relative severity of the clinical phenotype. In COS-1 cells transfected with an androgen-responsive reporter gene, trans-activation was 50% of normal in cells containing either mutant hAR. However, mutant hAR-MB binding is unstable during prolonged incubation with MB, whereas normal hAR-MB binding increases. Thus, normal equilibrium dissociation constants alone, as determined by Scatchard analysis, may not be indicative of normal hAR function. An increased k(diss) despite a normal Kd for a given androgen suggests that it not only has increased egress from a mutant ligand-binding pocket, but also increased access to it. This hypothesis has certain implications in terms of the three-dimensional model of the ligand-binding domain of the nuclear receptor superfamily. 1: Endocr Rev. 1999 Oct;20(5):726-37. Related Articles,Links The role of androgens in male gender role behavior.Wilson JD.Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-8857, USA. jwils1@mednet.swmed.eduPublication Types:ReviewReview, TutorialPMID: 10529900 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]	Mais artigos sobre AIS, PAIS, MAIS, e detalhes da ação de AR	A novel point mutation in the hormone binding domain of the androgen receptor associated with partial and minimal androgen insensitivity syndrome.	Galli-TsinopoulouA,	HiortO,	SchusterT,	MesserG,	KuhnleU	J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2003Feb 16:149-54	AbstractMutations in the coding sequence of the androgen receptor	(AR) gene result in a wide range of androgen insensitivity syndromes (AIS).	We report an extended family in which at least five male individuals in	different generations suffer from partial AIS. The index patient presented	at birth with ambiguous genitalia; the karyotype was 46,XY and subsequent	sex assignment male. Elevated stimulated testosterone (T) and normal	baseline gonadotropins were found. Family history revealed four additional adult males affected with various abnormalities of their external genitalia. Molecular analysis of the coding sequence of the AR gene revealed in all a novel point mutation in exon 6, changing threonine to isoleucine at codon position 800 in the hormone-binding domain. We conclude that phenotypic variations in mild AR defects are striking and can remain undetected even until late in life.	1: Hum Mol Genet. 1998 Mar;7(3):379-84. Related Articles,Links Spinobulbar muscular atrophy: polyglutamine-expanded androgen receptor is proteolytically resistant in vitro and processed abnormally in transfected cells.Abdullah A, Trifiro MA, Panet-Raymond V, Alvarado C, de Tourreil S, Frankel D, Schipper HM, Pinsky L.Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote Sainte Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada.The neuronotoxicity of genes with expanded CAG repeats is most likely mediated by their respective polyglutamine (Gln)-expanded gene products. Gln- expanded portions of these products may be sufficient, or necessary, for pathogenesis. We tested whether a Gln-expanded human androgen receptor (AR) is structurally altered, so that it allows for the proteolytic generation of a potentially pathogenic portion that may be resistant to further degradation. We found, in vitro , that a Gln-expanded AR is more proteolytically resistant than normal, and that it yields a distinct set of Gln-expanded fragments even after extended proteolysis in the presence of 2 M urea. Furthermore, COS cells transfected with CAG-expanded AR cDNA generate an aberrant, nuclear-associated 75 kDa derivative containing the Gln-expanded tract. They are also twice as likely to die by 24 h apoptotically than those transfected with normal AR cDNA. Our data support the notion that an unconventional derivative of the Gln- expanded AR is a component of the proximate motor neuronopathic agent in spinobulbar muscular atrophy. They also focus attention on two ways in which neuronotoxic derivatives may originate from various Gln-expanded proteins: (i) generation of an unusual derivative that is pathogenic de novo ; and (ii) the toxic accumulation of a normal derivative because of an inability to dispose of it.PMID: 9466993 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]1: Mol Endocrinol. 2001 Oct;15(10):1790-802. Related Articles,Links A G577R mutation in the human AR P box results in selective decreases in DNA binding and in partial androgen insensitivity syndrome.Nguyen D, Steinberg SV, Rouault E, Chagnon S, Gottlieb B, Pinsky L, Trifiro M, Mader S.Department of Biochemistry, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada.We have characterized a novel mutation of the human AR, G577R, associated with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome. G577 is the first amino acid of the P box, a region crucial for the selectivity of receptor/DNA interaction. Although the equivalent amino acid in the GR (also Gly) is not involved in DNA interaction, the residue at the same position in the ER (Glu) interacts with the two central base pairs in the PuGGTCA motif. Using a panel of 16 palindromic probes that differ in these base pairs (PuGNNCA) in gel shift experiments with either the AR DNA-binding domain or the full length receptor, we observed that the G577R mutation does not induce binding to probes that are not recognized by the wild-type AR. However, binding to the four PuGNACA elements recognized by the wild-type AR was affected to different degrees, resulting in an altered selectivity of DNA response element recognition. In particular, AR-G577R did not interact with PuGGACA palindromes. Modeling of the complex between mutant AR and PuGNACA motifs indicates that the destabilizing effect of the mutation is attributable to a steric clash between the C beta of Arg at position 1 of the P box and the methyl group of the second thymine residue in the TGTTCPy arm of the palindrome. In addition, the Arg side chain can interact with G or T at the next position (PuGCACA and PuGAACA elements, respectively). The presence of C is not favorable, however, because of incompatible charges, abrogating binding to the PuGGACA element. Transactivation of several natural or synthetic promoters containing PuGGACA motifs was drastically reduced by the G577R mutation. These data suggest that androgen target genes may be differentially affected by the G577R mutation, the first natural mutation characterized that alters the selectivity of the AR/DNA interaction. This type of mutation may thus contribute to the diversity of phenotypes associated with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome.PMID: 11579211 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]	A clinical syndrome of mild androgen insensitivity.	MigeonCJ,	BrownTR,	LanesR,	PalaciosA,	AmrheinJA,	SchoenEJ	J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984Oct 59:672-8	AbstractWe studied	four patients from three kindreds who had normal male body habitus and	external genitalia except for short penile length and gynecomastia.	Prostate size was small in all patients and spermatogenesis was decreased	markedly in one and absent in three. Testicular biopsies in two patients	revealed normal histology but evidence of spermatogenic arrest at the	spermatocyte stage. Circulating levels of testosterone and LH were	increased and the testosterone-dihydrotestosterone ratios were normal.	Plasma estradiol was elevated in three of the four patients. Serum FSH	levels were significantly elevated in only one patient. The response of	LH and FSH to LHRH stimulation was normal in the two patients who were	tested. Despite the normal male phenotype, the laboratory studies	suggested the diagnosis of androgen insensitivity. This was confirmed	in two patients by finding decreased dihydrotestosterone-binding capacity	in genital skin fibroblasts. Two of the patients had normal levels of	androgen receptor binding, suggesting that their defect represented a	mild form of androgen insensitivity with normal receptor activity. These	results demonstrated that mild forms of androgen insensitivity exist in	which the only obvious clinical manifestations may be the presence of	reduced penile length, gynecomastia, and/or infertility. The incidence of	androgen insensitivity among men with these subtle phenotypic abnormalities,	including infertility, remains to be determined.	A cell-specific and selective effect on transactivation by the androgen receptor.	GordonDA,	ChamberlainNL,	FlomerfeltFA,	MiesfeldRL	Exp Cell Res 1995Apr 217:368-77	Abstract	The androgen (AR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) are related	ligand-activated transcriptional regulators which bind the same	cis-acting element and are coexpressed in a variety of cell types.	Despite a shared DNA binding site, these receptors mediate diverse	cellular responses. To explain this paradox, the existence of cell-specific	factors that interact with, and modulate the function of, distinct receptors	has been proposed. Prostate epithelial cell growth is sensitive to androgens, but is not affected by glucocorticoids, even though both AR and GR are expressed in these cells. We have recently isolated a unique panel of prostate epithelial cell lines from normal rats and have used these cell lines to examine cell-specific steroid responses. In this study, we compared the abilities of AR and GR to enhance transcription of several different reporter genes regulated by simple (i.e., noncompsite) hormone response elements (HREs) in prostate and nonprostate cell lines. The cell-specific effect occurred independently of the AR hormone binding domain and could be observed with a GAL4 fusion protein containing only the AR N-terminal regulatory domain. Gel shift analyses showed that the relative DNA binding affinity of AR for a probe containing a simple HRE was similar in prostate and nonprostate cell extracts. Presently, the only factors known to mediate steroid receptor-specific gene regulation are cJun and cFos, but there were no cell-specific differences in the functional levels of these proteins which could account for a preferential effect on AR-dependent transcription. Taken together, these results suggest that cell-specific activities exist which can preferentially modulate transcriptional transactivation by AR. The relationship of androgen receptor levels to androgen responsiveness in the Dunning R3327 rat prostate tumor sublines.	DiamondDA,	BarrackERJ Urol 1984Oct 132:821-7	AbstractThe objective of this	study was to determine whether androgen receptor levels in a	transplantable animal model of prostatic adenocarcinoma correlated	with androgen responsiveness of the tumor. This is the first	comparative study of androgen receptor levels in 3 subcellular	compartments (cytosol, nuclear salt-extractable and nuclear	salt-resistant fractions) of 4 Dunning R3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma	sublines that vary in their response to androgen ablation. Tumors were harvested from intact adult male rats in order to best approximate the human clinical setting in which receptor levels are quantitated prior to androgen ablative therapy. Only the nuclear salt-resistant (nuclear matrix) and total nuclear androgen receptor contents were significantly different among all tumor sublines. The properties of the tumors studied and their nuclear salt-resistant androgen receptor levels were as follows: H tumor--well-differentiated, slow growing, androgen-dependent, 63 +/- 11 fmol./mg. DNA; HI tumor--well-differentiated, slow growing, androgen- insensitive, 19 +/- 8 fmol./mg. DNA; G tumor--poorly-differentiated, fast growing, androgen-sensitive, 195 +/- 42 fmol./mg. DNA; and AT-2 tumor--anaplastic, fast growing, androgen-insensitive, no detectable receptors. There was no apparent quantitative relationship between androgen receptor content and tumor growth rates, which varied considerably irrespective of the androgen responsiveness of the tumor. However, there was a qualitative relationship between nuclear salt-resistant or total nuclear receptor content and androgen responsiveness. Higher levels of receptor (H and G tumor sublines) were associated with responsiveness to androgen ablation (cessation or slowing of growth, respectively), whereas lower levels of receptor (HI and AT-2 sublines) were associated with androgen insensitivity. These observations, based on relatively homogeneous tumors, may have important implications for human prostatic cancers which appear to be composed of heterogeneous cell populations.	Um artigo muito importante, falando do efeito no feto da	gestação muito extressada das mães. Gunther Dörner, da Universidade Humboldt de	Berlin, já mostrava nos anos 70 que mães muito estressadas durante a gestação,	faziam com que seu sistema imunológico fragilizado pelo stress, inibisse a	produção de testosterona nos testículos dos fetos, podendo ocasionar uma falta	de testosterona para a adequada diferenciação do cérebro do feto. Este artigo	confirma o terrível efeito do stress durante a gestação. Alterations induced by gestational stress in brain morphology and behaviour of the offspring M. Weinstock Leon & Mina Deutsch Professor of Psychopharmacology. Progress in Neurobiology, 2001, 65:5:427 - 451 Manuscript received 25 January 2000 Accepted 22 August 2001; AbstractRetrospective studies in humans suggest that chronic maternal stress during pregnancy, associated with raised plasma levels of CRH, ACTH and cortisol may increase the likelihood of preterm birth, developmental delays and behavioural abnormalities in the children. In adulthood, it may contribute to the significant association between the incidence of schizophrenia, increased left or mixed handedness, reduction in cerebral asymmetry and anomalies in brain morphology. Our studies and others have shown that prenatal stress in rats can mimic these developmental and behavioural alterations. These rats show a reduced propensity for social interaction, increased anxiety in intimidating or novel situations and a reduction in cerebral asymmetry and dopamine turnover, consistent with those in schizophrenic humans. Prenatally-stressed (PS) rats also show behaviour consistent with depression, including a phase-shift in their circadian rhythm for corticosterone, sleep abnormalities, a hedonic deficit and greater acquisition of learned helplessness under appropriate conditions. These behavioural abnormalities are associated with impaired regulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response to stress and increased CRH activity. PS males may show demasculinisation and feminisation of their sexual behaviour. The developmental and behavioural abnormalities in PS offspring could occur through sensitisation of the foetal brain by maternal stress hormones to the action of glucocorticoid and CRH and to neurotransmitters affected by them. This may have long-lasting consequences and could explain the precipitation of depressive symptoms or schizophrenia by psychosocial stress in later life. The character of the behavioural abnormalities probably depends on the timing of the maternal stress in relation to development of the particular neuronal systems.	Artigos sobre genética e série de genes SRY no cromossomo Y Mammalian sex reversal and intersexualitydeciphering the sex-determination cascade [Review] Daniel Vaiman and Eric PailhouxThe sex-determination cascade constitutes a model of the exquisite mechanisms of gene regulation that lead to the development of mammalian embryos. The discovery of the sex-determining region of the Y... Trends in Genetics, 2000, 16: 11:488-494AbstractThe sex-determination cascade constitutes a model of the exquisite mechanisms of gene regulation that lead to the development of mammalian embryos. The discovery of the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY) in the early 1990s was the first crucial step towards a general understanding of sex determination. Since then, several genes that encode proteins with a role in this cascade, such as WT1, SF-1, SOX9, DAX-1 and WNT4, have been identified. Many of the interactions between these proteins have still to be elucidated, while, no-doubt, others are still to be identified. The study of mammalian intersexes forms a promising way towards the identification of the still-missing genes and a comprehensive view of mammalian sex determination. Intersexuality in the goat, studied for over a century, will, presumably, bring to light new genes involved in the female sex-determination pathway. Candidate genes in complete and partial XY sex reversal: Mutation analysis of SRY, SRY-related genes and FTZ-F1 H.N. Lim, S.H. Freestone, D. Romero, C. Kwok, I.A. Hughes and J.R. HawkinsCurrent address: SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, Essex, U.K. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 1998, 140:1-2:51 - 58AbstractThe sexual phenotype is established in three steps: (1) the sex chromosome constitution; (2) the differentiation of the gonads; and (3) the response of the internal and external genitalia to the hormones produced by the differentiated gonads. Errors that occur at any of these stages can result in defective sexual differentiation. Therefore the investigation of patients with abnormalities of testis development will help elucidate the mechanisms of sex determination and gonadal differentiation. It was in this way that SRY, the primary testis determining gene was identified. De novo mutations in SRY, result in gonadal dysgenesis by disrupting the DNA-binding activity of the SRY protein. However, only 20% of cases of gonadal dysgenesis, are explained by mutations in SRY or its flanking sequences. Therefore, there are several pieces to this puzzle yet to be discovered and it is hoped that mutation analysis of other genes implicated in gonadal development and differentiation may shed some light on aetiology of gonadal dysgenesis in the remaining 80% of cases.","null","null","");fileNum=16;